Editing Centrifuge (section)

=== Aeronautics and astronautics ===
{{main|High-g training}}
[[File:20G centrifuge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The 20 g centrifuge at the [[Ames Research Center|NASA Ames Research Center]]]]
'''Human centrifuges''' are exceptionally large centrifuges that test the reactions and tolerance of [[aviator|pilots]] and [[astronaut]]s to acceleration above those experienced in the Earth's [[gravity]].{{cn|date=March 2025}}

The first centrifuges used for human research were used by [[Erasmus Darwin]], the grandfather of [[Charles Darwin]]. The first large-scale human centrifuge designed for aeronautical training was created in Germany in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |author=Meeker |first=Larry J. |title=Human Centrifuges in Research and Training |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a236267.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225046/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a236267.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>

The [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] at Brooks City Base, Texas, operates a human centrifuge while awaiting completion of the new human centrifuge in construction at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base|Wright-Patterson AFB]], Ohio. The centrifuge at Brooks City Base is operated by the [[United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine]] for the purpose of training and evaluating prospective fighter pilots for high-''g'' flight in Air Force fighter aircraft.<ref name=Hypergravity>{{cite web |title=The Pull of HyperGravity – A NASA researcher is studying the strange effects of artificial gravity on humans. |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/07feb_stronggravity/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=11 March 2012 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316183032/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/07feb_stronggravity/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The use of large centrifuges to simulate a feeling of [[gravity]] has been proposed for future long-duration space missions. Exposure to this [[Artificial gravity#Rotation|simulated gravity]] would prevent or reduce the [[bone decalcification]] and [[muscle atrophy]] that affect individuals exposed to long periods of freefall.<ref name=Hypergravity /><ref name=Space>{{cite news |last=Hsu |first=Jeremy |title=New Artificial Gravity Tests in Space Could Help Astronauts |url=http://www.space.com/8384-artificial-gravity-tests-space-astronauts.html |work=Space.com |access-date=11 March 2012 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307065844/http://www.space.com/8384-artificial-gravity-tests-space-astronauts.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Non-Human centrifuge'''

At the European Space Agency (ESA) technology center ESTEC (in Noordwijk, the Netherlands), an {{Convert|8|m|adj=on}} diameter centrifuge is used to expose samples in fields of life sciences as well as physical sciences. This [[Large diameter centrifuge|Large Diameter Centrifuge (LDC)]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Loon |first1=Jack J.W.A. |url=http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/pdf/2008ESASP.663E..92V |title=THE LARGE DIAMETER CENTRIFUGE, LDC, FOR LIFE AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY |last2=Krausse |first2=Jutta |last3=Cunha |first3=Humberto |last4=Goncalves |first4=Joao |last5=Almeida |first5=Hugo |last6=Schiller |first6=Peter |date=June 2008 |journal="Life in Space for Life on Earth": Proceedings of the Symposium 22–27 June 2008, Angers, France |volume=553 |page=92 |publisher=European Space Agency |isbn=978-92-9221-227-8 |editor-last=Ouwehand |editor-first=L. |bibcode=2008ESASP.663E..92V}}</ref> began operation in 2007. Samples can be exposed to a maximum of 20 times Earth's gravity. With its four arms and six freely swinging out gondolas it is possible to expose samples with different g-levels at the same time. Gondolas can be fixed at eight different positions. Depending on their locations one could e.g. run an experiment at 5 and 10g in the same run. Each gondola can hold an experiment of a maximum {{Convert|80|kg}}. Experiments performed in this facility ranged from zebra fish, metal alloys, plasma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Šperka |first1=Jiří |last2=Souček |first2=Pavel |last3=Loon |first3=Jack J. W. A. Van |last4=Dowson |first4=Alan |last5=Schwarz |first5=Christian |last6=Krause |first6=Jutta |last7=Kroesen |first7=Gerrit |last8=Kudrle|first8=Vít |date=2013-12-01 |title=Hypergravity effects on glide arc plasma |journal=The European Physical Journal D |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=261 |doi=10.1140/epjd/e2013-40408-7 |issn=1434-6060 |s2cid=54539341 |bibcode=2013EPJD...67..261S |url=https://is.muni.cz/repo/1137458 |access-date=2018-12-26 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144821/https://is.muni.cz/repo/1137458 |url-status=live}}</ref> cells,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szulcek |first1=Robert |last2=Bezu |first2=Jan van |last3=Boonstra |first3=Johannes |last4=Loon |first4=Jack J. W. A. van |last5=Amerongen |first5=Geerten P. van Nieuw|date=2015-12-04 |title=Transient Intervals of Hyper-Gravity Enhance Endothelial Barrier Integrity: Impact of Mechanical and Gravitational Forces Measured Electrically |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e0144269 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144269 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4670102 |pmid=26637177 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1044269S |doi-access=free}}</ref> liquids, Planaria,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adell |first1=Teresa |last2=Saló |first2=Emili |last3=Loon |first3=Jack J. W. A. van |last4=Auletta |first4=Gennaro |date=2014-09-17 |title=Planarians Sense Simulated Microgravity and Hypergravity |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2014 |pages=679672 |doi=10.1155/2014/679672 |issn=2314-6133 |pmc=4182696 |pmid=25309918 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Drosophila<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Serrano |first1=Paloma |last2=van Loon |first2=Jack J. W. A. |last3=Medina |first3=F. Javier |last4=Herranz |first4=Raúl |date=27 November 2012 |title=Relation Between Motility, Accelerated Aging and Gene Expression in Selected Drosophila Strains under Hypergravity Conditions |journal=Microgravity Science and Technology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.1007/s12217-012-9334-5 |hdl=10261/99914 |s2cid=2121465 |issn=0938-0108|hdl-access=free}}</ref> or plants.