Editing Centrarchidae (section)

=== Thermal tolerance ===
In freshwater systems, water temperature is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last1=Lyons|first1=J.|last2=Stewart|first2=J. S.|last3=Mitro|first3=M.|date=2010-11-01|title=Predicted effects of climate warming on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, U.S.A.|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=77|issue=8|pages=1867–1898|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02763.x|pmid=21078096|bibcode=2010JFBio..77.1867L |issn=1095-8649}}</ref> As in other [[ectotherm]]s, many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Shuter|first1=B. J.|last2=Finstad|first2=A. G.|last3=Helland|first3=I. P.|last4=Zweimüller|first4=I.|last5=Hölker|first5=F.|date=2012-10-01|title=The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change|journal=Aquatic Sciences|language=en|volume=74|issue=4|pages=637–657|doi=10.1007/s00027-012-0274-3|bibcode=2012AqSci..74..637S |s2cid=18297554|issn=1015-1621}}</ref> All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered [[Freshwater fish|warmwater]] adapted species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carpenter|first1=Stephen R.|last2=Fisher|first2=Stuart G.|last3=Grimm|first3=Nancy B.|author-link3=Nancy Grimm|last4=Kitchell|first4=James F.|date=1992-11-01|title=Global Change and Freshwater Ecosystems|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=23|issue=1|pages=119–139|doi=10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001003|issn=0066-4162}}</ref> In general, warmwater adapted species are characterized as being larger at higher temperatures and lower latitudes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rypel|first=Andrew L.|date=2014-01-01|title=The Cold-Water Connection: Bergmann's Rule in North American Freshwater Fishes.|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=183|issue=1|pages=147–156|doi=10.1086/674094|pmid=24334744|s2cid=22642325|issn=0003-0147}}</ref> The optimal temperature range of most species in the family is 28&nbsp;°C(82&nbsp;°F) to 32&nbsp;°C(90&nbsp;°F), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of this optimum range.<ref name=":1" /> Increases in temperature outside the optimal range for centrarchids can have negative effects, such as speeding up reproductive maturity or increasing mortality after the first reproductive event.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dembski |first1=S. |last2=Masson |first2=G. |last3=Monnier |first3=D. |last4=Wagner |first4=P. |last5=Pihan|first5=J. C.|date=2006-08-01|title=Consequences of elevated temperatures on life-history traits of an introduced fish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=69|issue=2|pages=331–346 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01087.x |bibcode=2006JFBio..69..331D |issn=1095-8649}}</ref> The lethal temperature range varies widely in the family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1&nbsp;°C(33&nbsp;°F) or as high as 41&nbsp;°C(106&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beitinger|first1=Thomas L.|last2=Bennett|first2=Wayne A.|last3=McCauley|first3=Robert W.|date=2000-07-01|title=Temperature Tolerances of North American Freshwater Fishes Exposed to Dynamic Changes in Temperature|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|language=en|volume=58|issue=3|pages=237–275|doi=10.1023/A:1007676325825|bibcode=2000EnvBF..58..237B |s2cid=35400804|issn=0378-1909}}</ref>