Editing Castell (section)

==Terminology==

===''Castell'' nomenclature===
[[File:Tarragona, Skulptur -Castellers- -- 2006 -- 3.jpg|thumb|right|''Castellers'' monument in [[Tarragona]].]]
''Castells'' are primarily described by the number of people in each level of the ''tronc'' and the total number of levels and, where applicable, any special construction technique used. Levels are composed of between one and five individuals standing on the shoulders of the level below.

Common terms indicating the number of people for each level of a tower:

* '''''Pilar''''' ''("pillar")'': one person per level
* '''''Torre''''' ''("tower")'': two people per level
* '''''Tres''''' : three people per level
* '''''Quatre''''' : four people per level
* '''''Cinc''''' : five people per level (and so on)

''Castells'' with more than four people per level are composite structures. For example, the levels of a ''cinc'' are not pentagons; instead, the ''cinc'' amounts to a ''tres '' and a ''torre'' fused together (3 + 2 = 5), each level forming a figure-eight shape if seen from above.

Numbers of levels most commonly built:

* '''''Sis''''' : six levels high
* '''''Set''''' : seven levels
* '''''Vuit''''' : eight levels
* '''''Nou''''' : nine levels
* '''''Deu''''' : ten levels

For example, a ''tres de vuit'' (abbreviated 3d8) denotes a tower with three people per level and eight levels. (Only the first five levels will have three people per level. The ''pom de dalt'', see below, is reckoned as making up the top three levels.)

Very high towers and ones with a small number of people on each level normally need extra support from the base or bottom levels. These base levels are frequently indicated as part of the name of the tower. Three kinds of base levels are most commonly used:

* '''''Pinya''''' ''("pine cone/bulk")'': the ground-level base, often composed of several hundred people. Most towers have this, so it is not mentioned in the name. Instead, when a tower is built without a ''pinya'', it is described as ''net'' ("neat" or "simple"). There is furthermore an expression in Catalan called "''fer pinya"'' which is taken from its usage in castells. Literally translating into "making a pinecone" in English, this phrase is not only meaningful for castellers but for the people of Catalonia as a whole. To be a part of a pinya you do not need to be an experienced casteller, anybody can be a part of the base. Thus, "''fer pinya"'' represents the idea of coming together in solidarity to accomplish a goal or task.<ref name=":0" />
* '''''Folre''''' ''("cover"/"lining")'': a second-level base built on top of the ''pinya''. Another layer of reinforcement above the ''pinya'' for the castell. It is always mentioned when used.
* '''''Manilles''''' ''("handles"/"handcuffs")'': a third-level base built on top of the second-level ''folre''. A manille is often use for particularly tall castells (nine or ten levels).<ref name=":0" /> It is always mentioned when used.
* When tall castells are built, for extra challenge, without a ''folre'' and/or ''manilles'' that would usually be used due to their height, this is also mentioned, e.g. ''[[:ca:2 de 9 amb folre|torre de 9 sense manilles]]'' (''torre'' of 9 without ''manilles''), which can also be called ''torre de 9 amb folre'' (''torre'' of 9 with ''folre'', i.e. with only a ''folre'' and no ''manilles'')

The term '''''amb l'agulla''''' ''("with the needle")'' refers to a high column of one person per level which is built inside the main tower. When the ''castell'' is being dismantled, the ''agulla'' must remain standing until the outside part of the ''castell'' is already down.

Terms denoting special construction techniques include:
*'''''aixecat per sota''''' ("raised from below"), in which the castell is built not from the bottom up by climbing, but from the top down with each successive level being boosted onto the shoulders of castellers who join at ground level;
*'''''caminant''''' ("walking"), in which a castell (usually a ''pilar''), and its pinya if any, slowly walk as a unit across the ground. This is often done to enter the site at the beginning of an ''actuació''.

Another aspect of ''castell'' nomenclature refers to how successfully the tower was completed. Four terms are used:
* '''''Descarregat''''' : the tower is completed to the top—that is, to the point where the ''enxaneta'' raises his or her hand in the ''aleta'' gesture—and successfully dismantled
* '''''Carregat''''' : the tower is completed to the top but falls during dismantling
* '''''Intent''''' : the tower falls before it is completed to the top
* '''''Intent desmuntat''''' : the tower is not completed to the top but is successfully dismantled (because the tower is observed to be unstable and likely to fall)

===Examples===
{{multiple image
| width     = 200
| footer    = '''The [[Castellers de Vilafranca]]'s ''Quatre de nou amb folre i l'agulla'' (Four in nine with ''folre'' and ''agulla'')'''
| image1    = 4de9agulla_1.JPG
| alt1      = 4 in 9 completed
| caption1  = Fully constructed
| image2    = 4de9agulla_2.JPG
| alt2      = agulla
| caption2  = Remaining ''agulla'' after dismantling of upper levels
}}

* '''''Pilar de sis''''': one person per level in a tower of six levels. If nothing else is mentioned, this means that the tower had the bottom base-level ''pinya'' (as always) and was successfully dismantled (''descarregat'').
* '''''Torre de nou<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26Z9UIa0PhE |title=Minyons de Terrassa - " Torre de nou amb folre i manilles " (2d9fm) Festa Major 2011 - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2014-03-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618222914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26Z9UIa0PhE |archive-date=2016-06-18 }}</ref>''''': two people per level in a tower of nine stories.
* '''''Cinc de nou amb folre<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD0W_Y5K_04 |title=5 de 9 amb folre descarregat, Primer del segle XX. - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2014-03-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418173410/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD0W_Y5K_04 |archive-date=2016-04-18 }}</ref>''''': five people at each level in a tower of nine levels, with a second-level ''folre'' built on top of the base-level ''pinya''.
* '''''Quatre de nou amb agulla<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdE69jZNlfU |title=Castellers de Vilafranca - " 4 de 9 amb folre i agulla " ( Sant Fèlix 2013 ) 30-8-2013 - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2014-03-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603201024/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdE69jZNlfU |archive-date=2016-06-03 }}</ref>''''': four people at each level in a tower of nine levels, with an interior ''agulla''.
* '''''Quatre de nou net<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujRmC0nJDjg |title=Tarraco Arena 7-10-2012 : Castellers de Vilafranca " 4 de 9 sf " (Sense folre) |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2015-08-28 |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805215454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujRmC0nJDjg |url-status=live }}</ref>''''':four people at each level in a tower of nine levels without folre ( a second-level base ) built on top of the ''pinya'' ( ground level base ).
* '''''Tres de deu amb folre i manilles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDxADjvXknM |title=Castellers de Vilafranca - " 3 de 10 amb folre i manilles " ( Sant Fèlix 2013 ) 30-8-2013 - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2014-03-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101041421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDxADjvXknM |archive-date=2014-01-01 }}</ref>''''': three people per level in a tower of ten levels, with a second-level ''folre'' and a third-level ''manilles''.
* '''''Quatre de deu amb folre i manilles''''': four people per level, with additional support in the second and third levels. This difficult construction was achieved for the first time in November 2015, by the [[Minyons de Terrassa]] team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ara.cat/en/Historic-record-Catalonias-tower-building_0_1473452720.html|title=Historic record in Catalonia's human tower building|author=Efren Garcia|publisher=[[Ara (newspaper)|Ara]]|date=2015-11-23|access-date=2015-11-24|archive-date=2015-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125080244/http://www.ara.cat/en/Historic-record-Catalonias-tower-building_0_1473452720.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=4 de 10 amb folre i manilles descarregat Minyons de Terrassa 22-11-2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCmBYTbx_Hs |language=en |access-date=2022-09-24 |archive-date=2022-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924084951/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCmBYTbx_Hs |url-status=live }}. Canal Terrassa (via YouTube)</ref>

===''Castellers'' and parts of a castell===
* '''''cap de colla''''' ''("team leader")'': The head of each team, who decides which ''castells'' the team is ready to attempt and directs the construction of the ''castells'' from the ground. The ''cap de colla'' is always accompanied by a number of assistants and advisers.
* '''''cap de pinya''''' ("base leader") one of the team leaders's assistants, who takes particular responsibility for the allocation of places in the pinya, ensuring even force is applied to the base of the castell. The cap de pinya will direct members of the pinya to different positions, depending on the size of the castell.
* '''''tronc''''' ("trunk"): The vertical part of the castell. 
* '''''baix''''' ("base"): the casteller standing on the ground at the bottom of one of the columns of castellers making up the ''tronc'', and supporting the ''segon'' on his or her shoulders. Short, stocky, and strong. 
* '''''segon''''' ("second"): One of the castellers standing on the shoulders of the ''baixos'', making up the second storey of the ''tronc''. Likewise, the subsequent storeys of the trunk are called '''''terços''''', '''''quarts''''', '''''quints''''', '''''sisens''''', and '''''setens''''' ("thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, sevenths"). As the ''pom de dalt'' makes up the top three storeys of the castell and there has never yet been a castell taller than ten storeys, there have never been any ''vuitens'' ("eighths").
* '''''agulla''''' ("needle," not to be confused with the ''agulla'' mentioned above): A casteller who stands in front of and facing a ''baix'', holding the lower legs of the ''segon'' and relaying information and instructions to the members of the ''pinya''. 
* '''''contrafort''''' ("buttress"): stands behind the ''baix'' and holds embraces him/her for support. 
* '''''crossa''''' ("crutch"): fills in the space between ''baixos'' and supports their arms on his/her shoulders. Generally short and slender. 
* '''''mans''''' ("hands"): stands behind the ''contrafort'' and supports the buttocks of the ''segon''.
* '''''vent''''' ("wind"): stands between and just outside two ''baixos'' and supports the legs of the ''segons'' standing on both. 
* '''''lateral''''': stands to one side of a ''baix'' and supports one leg of the ''segon'' from the side.
* '''''cordó''''' ("cordon"): Each concentric layer of the '''''pinya'''''. The ones in direct contact with the ''tronc'' are the ''primer cordó'', those behind them are the ''segon cordó'', and so forth. Members of the outer ''cordons'' are designated by the person they are positioned behind and the number of their ''cordó''. For example, the person behind the ''primeres mans'' is the ''segones mans''; behind that person is the ''terceres mans'', and so forth. 
* '''''tap''''' ("stopper"): inserted into the ''pinya'' to fill a gap and make the ''pinya'' more solid. 
* '''''pom de dalt''''' ''("top group")'': The top three levels of the ''castell'': ''dosos'', ''aixecador'', and ''enxaneta''.
* '''''canalla''''' ("children"): Those who make up the top levels of the ''castell''. They are usually children but can also be women. 
* '''''dosos''''' ''("the twos")'': A level consisting of two people, supporting and locked together by the ''aixecador'' and surmounted by the ''enxaneta''. These ''castellers'' are generally children.
* '''''aixecador''''' ''("riser")'' or '''''acotxador''''' ("croucher"): The person who squats with one foot on each of the ''dosos'', locking them together and so providing a stable platform for the ''enxaneta'', who stands astride the ''aixecador''. Almost always a child.
* '''''enxaneta''''' ''("rider")'' : The topmost ''casteller'', a child. When the ''enxaneta'' raises his or her hand in a four-finger gesture called the ''aleta'', this indicates that the construction of the castell is complete.