Editing Carolingian Renaissance (section)

==Carolingian architecture==
{{main|Carolingian architecture}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align     = center
| header_align      = center
| header            = Instrumental music
| align             = right
| image1            = Ethan playing his cithara with King David, from the Vivian Bible, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Latin 1, folio 215v.jpg
| width1            = 122
| alt1              = Cithara player from Charles the Bald Bible
| caption1          = A musician playing a cithara that is thought to have evolved from the Greek lyre, from the 9th century [[Charles the Bald]] Bible.
| image2            = Cithara from Utrecht Psalter Psalm 42.jpg
| width2            = 102
| alt2              = Cithara player from Utrecht Psalter
| caption2          = Player with [[cithara]] that appears lute-like, from the 9th century [[Utrecht Psalter]].
| image3            = Cythara first illustration from Stuttgart Psalter.jpg
| width3            = 150
| alt3              = Stuttgart Cythara
| caption3          = A [[cithara]] (word used by the early 9th century [[Stuttgart Psalter]]) being held as a [[citole]] three centuries later.
| footer_background = #7BAFD4
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| footer            = Documents created during the Carolingian Renaissance show the growth of instrumental music with new instruments. The images may document earlier European cythara (lute types) or else a "revival of the Roman [[kithara]]."<ref name=winternitz3>{{cite journal |last=Winternitz |author-link=Emanuel Winternitz |first=Emanuel |title=THE SURVIVAL OF THE KITHARA AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE CITTERN, A Study in Morphology |url=https://www.academia.edu/24214847 |journal=Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=213 |date=July–December 1961|doi=10.2307/750796 |jstor=750796 |s2cid=195057025 |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref>
}}

Carolingian architecture is the style of North European architecture promoted by Charlemagne. The period of architecture spans the late eighth and ninth centuries until the reign of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] in 936, and was a conscious attempt to create a Roman Renaissance, emulating [[Roman architecture|Roman]], [[Early Christian art and architecture|Early Christian]] and [[Byzantine architecture]], with its own innovation, resulting in having a unique character.{{sfnp|Contreni|1984|p=63 }} This syncretic architectural style can be exemplified by the [[St Mark's Basilica|first church of St Mark's]] in Venice, fusing [[Romanesque architecture#Origins|proto-Romanesque]] and Byzantine influences.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Thomas |title=The Oxford History of Medieval Europe |last2=Holmes |first2=George |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |location=Great Britain |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>

There was a profusion of new clerical and secular buildings constructed during this period, John Contreni calculated that "The little more than eight decades between 768 to 855 alone saw the construction of 27 new cathedrals, 417 monasteries, and 100 royal residences".{{sfnp|Contreni|1984|p=63 }}

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