Editing Caroline of Brunswick (section)

==Exile==
After a two-week visit to Brunswick, Caroline headed for Italy through Switzerland. Along the way, possibly in [[Milan]], she hired Bartolomeo Pergami as a servant.<ref>Robins, pp. 62–63</ref> Pergami soon rose to the head of Caroline's household, and managed to get his sister, Angelica, Countess of Oldi, appointed as Caroline's [[lady-in-waiting]].<ref>Robins, p. 66</ref> In mid-1815, Caroline bought a house, [[Villa d'Este (Cernobbio)|Villa d'Este]], on the shores of [[Lake Como]], even though her finances were stretched.<ref>Robins, p. 67</ref>

From early 1816, she and Pergami went on a cruise around the Mediterranean, visiting Napoleon's former palace on [[Elba]], and [[Sicily]], where Pergami obtained the [[Order of Malta]] and a barony.<ref>Robins, p. 69</ref> By this time, Caroline and Pergami were openly eating together, and it was widely rumoured that they were lovers.<ref>e.g. Letter of [[Howe Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo|Lord Sligo]] quoted in Robins, p. 62</ref> They visited [[Tunis]], [[Malta]], [[Milos]], Athens, [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]], [[Constantinople]], and [[Nazareth]]. Caroline entered [[Jerusalem]] riding on a donkey in a convoy of camels.<ref>Robins, pp. 69–72</ref> Pergami was made a Knight of the [[Order of Saint Lazarus]]. Caroline instituted the Order of Saint Caroline, nominating Pergami its Grand Master.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/7246065|title=British Royal History: Queen Be |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> In August, they returned to Italy, stopping at Rome to visit [[Pope Pius VII]].<ref>Robins, p. 72</ref>

[[File:The Long and Short of the Tale by George Cruikshank.jpg|thumb|A caricature by [[George Cruikshank]] mocking Caroline for her supposed affair with Pergami]]
By this time, gossip about Caroline was everywhere. [[Lord Byron]] wrote to his publisher that Caroline and Pergami were lovers,<ref>Letter from Byron to [[John Murray (1778–1843)|John Murray]], January 1817, quoted in Robins, p. 73</ref> and Sir [[Francis Ronalds]] described and made a sketch of their sleeping arrangements in [[Karlsruhe]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph|last=Ronalds|first=B.F.|publisher=Imperial College Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78326-917-4|location=London|pages=60–61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sirfrancisronalds.co.uk/switz.html|title=Sir Francis Ronalds' Travel Journal: Switzerland and Germany|website=Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> Baron Friedrich Ompteda, a Hanoverian spy, bribed one of Caroline's servants so that he could search her bedroom for proof of adultery. He found none.<ref>Robins, pp. 72–73</ref> By August 1817, Caroline's debts were growing, so she sold [[Villa d'Este (Cernobbio)|Villa d'Este]] and moved to the smaller [[Villa Caprile]] near [[Pesaro]]. Pergami's mother, brother and daughter, but not his wife, joined Caroline's household.<ref>Robins, p. 74</ref>

The previous year, Caroline's daughter, Princess Charlotte, had married [[Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]], and the future of the British monarchy looked bright. Then tragedy struck: in November 1817, Charlotte died after giving birth to her only child, a stillborn son. For the most part, Charlotte had been immensely popular with the public, and her death was a blow to the country.<ref>Plowden, pp. 260–263; Robins, pp. 53–54</ref> George refused to write to Caroline to inform her, leaving it for their son-in-law Leopold to do, but Leopold was deep in grief and delayed writing. George did, however, write to the Pope of the tragedy, and by chance the courier carrying the letter passed by Pesaro, and so it was that Caroline heard the devastating news.<ref>Robins, pp. 74–75</ref> Caroline had lost her daughter, but she had also lost any chance of regaining position through the succession of her daughter to the throne.<ref>Robins, p. 55</ref>

George was determined to press ahead with a divorce and set up a commission chaired by the [[Chancellor of the High Court|Vice-Chancellor]] [[John Leach (judge)|John Leach]] to gather evidence of Caroline's adultery. Leach sent three commissioners to Milan to interrogate Caroline's former servants, including [[Theodore Majocchi]] and Caroline's maid, Louise Demont.<ref>Robins, pp. 76–77</ref> In London, Brougham was still acting as Caroline's agent. Concerned that the "Milan commission" might threaten Caroline, he sent his brother [[James Brougham|James]] to Caroline's villa in the hope of establishing whether George had any grounds for divorce. James wrote back to his brother of Caroline and Pergami, "they are to all appearances man and wife, never was anything so obvious."<ref>Letter from [[James Brougham]] to his brother Henry, quoted in Robins, p. 79</ref> The Milan commission was assembling more and more evidence, and by 1819 Caroline was worried. She informed James Brougham that she would agree to a divorce in exchange for money.<ref>Robins, p. 79</ref> However, at this time in England divorce by mutual consent was illegal; it was only possible to divorce if one of the partners admitted or was found guilty of adultery. Caroline said it was "impossible" for her to admit that, so the Broughams advised that only formal separation was possible.<ref name="p80">Robins, p. 80</ref> Both keen to avoid publicity, the Broughams and the Government discussed a deal where Caroline would be called by a lesser title, such as "[[Duchess of Cornwall]]" rather than "[[Princess of Wales]]".<ref name="p80"/> As the negotiations continued at the end of 1819, Caroline travelled to France, which gave rise to speculation that she was on her way back to England. In January 1820, however, she made plans to return to Italy, but then on 29 January 1820 George III died. Caroline's husband became king and, at least nominally, she was queen of the United Kingdom.<ref>Robins, p. 82</ref>