Editing Carl Michael Bellman (section)

== Legacy ==

=== Performance and recordings ===

{{further|Bacchi Tempel}}

[[File:Bellmans porträtt, efter teckning av Sergel, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Bellman, drawn by the sculptor [[Johan Tobias Sergel]], 1792]]

Bellman's informal ''Bacchi Orden'' (Order of Bacchus) was replaced in the 1770s by the more structured Bacchanalian society ''[[Par Bricole]]'', which still exists in the 21st century. It enabled Bellman to publish his book ''[[Bacchi Tempel]]'' in 1783.{{sfn|Lönnroth|2005|pp=147, 242–243, 367}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bellman |first1=Carl Michael |last2=Martin |first2=Elias (illus.) |last3=Martin |first3=Johan Fredrik |author-link1=Carl Michael Bellman |author-link2=Elias Martin |title=Bacchi tempel öpnadt vid en hieltes död |date=1783 |location=Stockholm |oclc=557694799 |language=sv}}</ref> When the tradition of solo performance of his songs died out, ''Par Bricole'' continued to perform his songs as choral pieces.{{sfn|Lönnroth|2005|pp=147, 242–243, 367}}

Bellman's poetry continued to be read and sung throughout the 19th century, contrary to the widespread belief among researchers that he was largely forgotten during this period. His songs were sung especially by the urban bourgeoisie and in fraternities, but also in aristocratic circles and ordinary people in the countryside.<ref name=SD/><ref name=BellmanLevde/> The [[:sv:Orphei Drängar|''Orphei Drängar'' Vocal Society]], named after a phrase in Epistle 14, was founded in Uppsala in 1853; the song became their trademark.<ref>{{cite web|title=From a pastime to a modern male-voice choir|url=http://www.od.se/en/history|publisher=Orphei Drängar Vocal Society|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204140955/http://www.od.se/en/history|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''Epistles'' and ''Songs'' were published in [[chapbook]]s, sung at festivals and performed in a variety of concerts and entertainments. Figures such as Fredman, Ulla Winblad and Movitz, as well as Bellman himself were painted on tavern walls and [[Souvenir|memorabilia]] such as plates, beer [[tankard]]s and [[Hip flask|hipflasks]]. Curiously, Bellman was celebrated at least as enthusiastically in polite and abstemious circles, though with [[Expurgation|bowdlerized]] versions of the songs.<ref name=SD>{{cite news |last1=Stenström |first1=Johan |title=Bellman levde på 1800-talet |trans-title=Bellman was alive in the 19th century |url=http://www.svd.se/kultur/litteratur/1800-talet-en-sorgfri-tid-for-bellman_4135579.svd |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |access-date=1 February 2015 |date=25 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=BellmanLevde>{{cite book |last1=Stenström |first1=Johan |title=Bellman levde på 1800-talet |trans-title=Bellman was alive in the 19th century |date=2009 |publisher=Atlantis |isbn=978-91-7353-342-3 |url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/11447283 |language=sv}}</ref>

Major interpreters of Bellman's songs include [[Sven-Bertil Taube]], who helped to start the 1960s Bellman renaissance; [[Fred Åkerström]], who brought a fresh earthiness to Bellman interpretation; and the Dutch-born [[Cornelis Vreeswijk]], who fitted Bellman to the style of American [[blues]].{{sfn|Hägg|1996|p=162}}{{sfn|Lönnroth|2005|pp=367–368}} Other recordings have been made by [[Evert Taube]], and as rock music by [[Joakim Thåström]], [[Candlemass (band)|Candlemass]] or [[Marduk (band)|Marduk]]. They are also performed as [[Choir|choral music]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795) |url=http://www.classicalarchives.com/composer/2162.html |publisher=Classical Archives |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> and as [[drinking song]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tititudorancea.com/z/drinking_song.htm |title=Drinking Songs |website=The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Musica Sveciae">{{cite web |last1=Various Artists |title=Carl Michael Bellman (1740-1795): Sånger och Epistlar / Songs and Epistles |url=http://www.musikaliskaakademien.se/verksamhet/musicasveciae/musiken/sanger/sanger/bellmansangerochepistlar.272.html |publisher=Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien |access-date=31 May 2019 |quote=2 CDs, 42 songs, 16 artists: [[Olle Adolphson]], Leif Bergman, Anders Börje, [[William Clauson]], Jerker Engblom, [[Tommy Körberg]], [[Mikael Samuelson]], Aksel Schiøtz, Sven Scholander, Folke Sällström, [[Evert Taube]], [[Sven-Bertil Taube]], [[Cornelis Vreeswijk]], [[Lena Willemark]], [[Fred Åkerström]], Pelle Ödman.}}</ref> [[Martin Bagge]] has recreated Bellman's dramatic style complete with period costume.{{sfn|Lönnroth|2005|p=369}} In 2020, [[Uppsala]] stadsteater and [[Västmanland]]s Teater created ''Bellman 2.0'', a costumed theatre concert, directed by Nikolaj Cederholm with ''Fredman's Epistles'' and ''Fredman's Songs'' arranged by Kåre Bjerkø for guitar, electric guitar, double bass, cello, tuba, clarinet, drumkit and percussion, keyboards, accordion, and five voices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bellman 2.0, premiär i Uppsala hösten 2020 |url=https://via.tt.se/pressmeddelande/bellman-20-premiar-i-uppsala-hosten-2020?publisherId=3235608&releaseId=3270942 |website=Via TT |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Västmanlands Teater 2020">{{cite web |title=GB Studioinspelning – Bellman 2.0 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgqEvSffl6o |publisher=Västmanlands Teater |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=6 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Translations ===

[[File:Järntorget 85 070330.JPG|thumb|upright|The Crawl-in Tavern (Krogen Kryp-In) of [[Ack du min moder|Epistle 23]]. Järntorget 85 in Stockholm's [[Gamla stan|Old Town]]]]

Bellman has been translated into at least 20 languages,<ref name=Langrind>{{cite web |last1=Langrind |first1=Freddie |title=Bellman på Norsk |url=http://www.viser.no/artikler/Bellman/BellmanNorsk.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.viser.no/artikler/Bellman/BellmanNorsk.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=Viser.no |access-date=13 March 2016 |language=no |date=2008}}</ref> including English, most notably by [[Paul Britten Austin]], and German, including by [[Hannes Wader]]. German Communist leader [[Karl Liebknecht]] liked Bellman's songs and translated some into German.<ref name="BursteinKeijzer2011">{{cite book |last1=Burstein |first1=Dan |last2=Keijzer |first2=Arne de |title=Secrets of the Tattooed Girl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pleT7UKnMvYC&pg=PT123 |year=2011 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-0-297-86497-4 |page=123}}</ref> [[Hans Christian Andersen]] was one of the first to translate Bellman into Danish. Bellman's songs have been translated and recorded in [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] (by [[Bubbi Morthens|Bubbi]]), Italian, French, [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (for instance by [[Vesa-Matti Loiri]]), Russian, [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]. English interpretations have been recorded by [[William Clauson]], [[Martin Best]],<ref>[http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/cds/emi35515.htm] [http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/cds/emi35255.htm] [http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/cds/nim5174.htm] medieval.org</ref> Freddie Langrind made some [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] translations in 2008.<ref name=Langrind/> Sven-Bertil Taube, Roger Hinchliffe and Martin Bagge. Schoolchildren two hundred years on still learn some of his songs, and several including ''[[Gubben Noak]]'' and ''[[Fjäriln vingad]]'' are known by heart by many Swedes.<ref name="Berglund"/>

Books in English with translations of Bellman's work have been written by [[Charles Wharton Stork]] in 1917,{{sfn|Stork|1917}} [[Hendrik Willem van Loon]] in 1939,{{sfn|Van Loon|Castagnetta|1939}} [[Paul Britten Austin]],{{sfn|Britten Austin|1998}}{{sfn|Britten Austin|1999}} and the historian [[Michael Roberts (historian)|Michael Roberts]].{{sfn|Roberts|1984}} In English, the most thorough treatment of Bellman's life is also by Britten Austin.{{sfn|Britten Austin|1967}} Van Loon's ''The Last of the Troubadours: The Life and Music of Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795)'' was inspired by a visit to Sweden, and tried to introduce the unknown Bellman to an American audience, but critics felt his version of twenty of the songs was "stiff and often ungraceful", not doing justice to their composer.<ref name="Minnen2005">{{cite book |last=Minnen |first=Cornelis van |title=Van Loon: Popular Historian, Journalist, and FDR Confidant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |date=14 October 2005 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-4039-7714-4 |page=189}}</ref>

=== Memorials ===

{{Bellman's Stockholm}}

Bellman was the subject of an 1844 ballet choreographed by [[August Bournonville]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kisselgoff |first1=Anna |title=Ballet Review: A Smorgasbord Fit for a King |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/16/arts/ballet-review-a-smorgasbord-fit-for-a-king.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 June 1998}}</ref> Bellman features as a character, along with Ulla Winblad and King Gustav III, in the first episode of the Swedish television series "Nisse Hults historiska snedsteg" (Nisse Hult's historical slips) by SVT Drama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nisse Hults historiska snedsteg |trans-title=Nisse Hult's historical slips |url=https://gameshop.se/product/film/500951/nisse-hults-historiska-snedsteg-2/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |publisher=GameShop.se |language=sv}}</ref> Bellman appears with his cittern and various objects from ''Fredman's Epistles'' and ''Fredman's Songs'' on a 100 [[Swedish kronor]] postage stamp issued in 2014 and designed by Beata Boucht; he was shown on earlier Swedish stamps in 1940 and 1990, commemorating the 200th and 250th anniversaries of his birth, and again in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carl Michael Bellman |url=http://wopa-stamps.com/index.php?controller=country&action=stampProduct&id=12137 |publisher=World Online Philatelic Agency |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Bellmansgatan in Stockholm's [[Södermalm]] district is named for Bellman; [[Stieg Larsson]] places the apartment of his [[Millennium trilogy|''Millennium'' trilogy]] hero Mikael Blomkvist in Bellmansgatan, which Dan Burstein and Arne de Keijzer suggest is meant to provide Bellman associations.<ref name="BursteinKeijzer2011"/>

=== Bellman jokes ===

Swedish schoolchildren tell [[Bellman joke]]s about a person named Bellman, an [[antihero]] or modern-day [[trickster]] with little or no connection to the poet. The first known Bellman joke is in a book from 1835, which quoted a letter written in 1808 by a contemporary of Bellman. 19th-century Bellman jokes were told by adults and focused on Bellman's life at court; they often related to sex. In the 20th century, the 'Bellman' character became generic, the jokes were told by schoolchildren, and often related to bodily functions. The jokes have been studied by anthropologists and psychologists since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Klintberg, Bengt af | date=November 1987 | url=http://www.buks.dk/PDF/Varfor_er_bellmannhistorierna_roliga.pdf | title=Varför är Bellmanhistorierna roliga? |trans-title=Why are Bellman jokes so funny? | journal=Børne-og UngdomsKulturSammenslutningen  | volume=9 | language=sv | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502234624/http://www.buks.dk/PDF/Varfor_er_bellmannhistorierna_roliga.pdf | archive-date=2 May 2013 }}</ref>

=== Bellman museum ===

Stora Henriksvik, also called the Bellman museum (''Bellmanmuseet'') for its small permanent Bellman exhibition, celebrates his life and work with paintings, replica objects and a beachside café in a 17th-century Stockholm house. The place, beside the beach at Långholm, was in Bellman's time called ''Lilla Sjötullen'' (The Small Lake-Customs House) where farmers from [[Lake Mälaren]] had to pay a toll on the goods they were taking to market in Stockholm's ''Gamla stan''. The place is mentioned in Epistle No. 48, ''[[Solen glimmar blank och trind]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bellmanutställning |url=http://www.storahenriksvik.se/bellmanmuseet |publisher=Stora Henriksvik |access-date=16 March 2016 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Bellmanmuseet |url=http://www.timeout.com/stockholm/museums/venue/1%3A21465/bellmanmuseet |magazine=Time Out}}</ref>

=== Bellman society ===

The Bellman Society (''Bellmansällskapet''), founded in Stockholm on the anniversary of Bellman's birth in 1919, fosters interest in Bellman and supports research into the man and his work. To these ends it organises concerts, lectures, and excursions. It produces the series of ''Bellmanstudier'', starting in 1924, so far running to 24 volumes, as well as facsimile prints of Bellman documents, essay collections, and [[:sv:Yngve Berg|Yngve Berg]]'s Bellman [[porcelain]]. It has published recordings including ''Alla Fredmans Epistlar'' (All Fredman's Epistles) and ''Alla Fredmans Sånger'' (All Fredman's Songs). The Society's newsletter is called ''Hwad behagas?''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bellmansällskapet |url=http://www.bellman.org/index.php?id=31 |publisher=Bellmansällskapet |access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Sister societies in other countries include the Danish ''Selskabet Bellman i Danmark'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Formål |url=https://www.bellman.dk/formaal/ |publisher=Selskabet Bellman i Danmark |access-date=14 January 2021 |language=Danish}}</ref> and the German ''Deutsche Bellman-Gesellschaft''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herzlich willkommen bei der Deutschen Bellman-Gesellschaft |language=German |url=https://www.bellmangesellschaft.de/ |publisher=Deutsche Bellman-Gesellschaft |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>