Editing Buffalo, New York (section)

=== Topography ===
[[File:NiagaraRiverNASA.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite image of the [[Niagara Peninsula]] and [[Niagara Frontier]]; Buffalo is at the lower right.|alt=A satellite photo shows two bodies of water and two peninsulas from space]]
Buffalo is on the eastern end of [[Lake Erie]] opposite [[Fort Erie, Ontario]]. It is at the head of the Niagara River, which flows north over [[Niagara Falls]] into [[Lake Ontario]].

The Buffalo metropolitan area is on the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain of the [[Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands]], a narrow [[plain]] extending east to [[Utica, New York]].<ref name = "Thompson1977 19-54"/><ref name="USGSMap" /> The city is generally flat, except for elevation changes in the University Heights and Fruit Belt neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACME Mapper 2.2: University Heights (689 feet) |url=https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.90311,-78.85904&z=17&t=T&marker0=42.90472%2C-78.84944%2CBuffalo%2C%20New%20York |website=ACME Mapper (Map) |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195127/https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.90311,-78.85904&z=17&t=T&marker0=42.90472,-78.84944,Buffalo,%20New%20York |url-status=live}} and {{cite web |title=ACME Mapper 2.2: Fruit Belt (682 feet) |url=https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.90311,-78.85904&z=17&t=T&marker0=42.90472%2C-78.84944%2CBuffalo%2C%20New%20York |website=ACME Mapper (Map) |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195127/https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.90311,-78.85904&z=17&t=T&marker0=42.90472,-78.84944,Buffalo,%20New%20York |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Southtowns]] are hillier, leading to the Cattaraugus Hills in the [[Allegheny Plateau|Appalachian Upland]].<ref name = "Thompson1977 19-54">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/geographyofnewyo00thom |url-access=registration |title=Geography of New York State |last=Thompson |first=John H. |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=9780815621829 |pages=19–54 |chapter=Land Forms |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |lccn=77004337 |oclc=2874807}}</ref><ref name = "USGSMap">{{cite map |first1=S. A. |last1=Bryce |first2=G. E. |last2=Griffith |first3=J. M. |last3=Omernik |first4=G. |last4=Edinger |first5=S. |last5=Indrick |first6=O. |last6=Vargas |first7=D. |last7=Carlson |title=Ecoregions of New York (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photograph)|trans-title = |map=|map-url = |date= |year=2010 |url=http://ecologicalregions.info/data/ny/NY_front.pdf |scale=1:1,250,000 |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |location=Reston, VA |language= |access-date = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210526063146/http://ecologicalregions.info/data/ny/NY_front.pdf |archive-date = May 26, 2021 |url-status = live}}</ref> Several types of shale, limestone and [[lagerstätte]]n are prevalent in Buffalo and its surrounding area, lining their [[stream bed]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6985187_000 |title=Geologic map of the Buffalo quadrangle |last=Luther |first=D. D. |date=1906 |pages=12–13 |publisher=[[New York State Education Department]] |others=[[Columbia University Libraries]] |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Fox Weather]], Buffalo is one of the top five snowiest large cities in the country, receiving, on average, 95 inches of snow annually.

Although the city has not experienced any recent or significant [[earthquake]]s, Buffalo is in the [[Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone]] (part of the [[Great Lakes tectonic zone]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2000/03/4637.html |title=UB Geologists Find Evidence That Upstate New York Is Criss-Crossed By Hundreds Of Faults - University at Buffalo |website=[[University at Buffalo]] |language=en |access-date=January 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100857/http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2000/03/4637.html |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dineva |first1=S. |title=Seismicity of the Southern Great Lakes: Revised Earthquake Hypocenters and Possible Tectonic Controls |journal=[[Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America]] |date=2004-10-01 |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1902–1918 |doi=10.1785/012003007 |bibcode=2004BuSSA..94.1902D}}</ref> Buffalo has four [[Channel (geography)|channels]] within its boundaries: the Niagara River, Buffalo River (and Creek), [[Scajaquada Creek]], and the [[Black Rock Canal]], adjacent to the Niagara River.<ref name = "Smith1884">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofb01smit/page/n23 |title=History of the city of Buffalo and Erie County: with ... biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers ... |last=Smith |first=Henry Perry |publisher=D. Mason & Co. |year=1884 |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |page=16}}</ref> The city's Bureau of Forestry maintains a database of over seventy thousand trees.<ref>{{cite web |title=TreeKeeper 8 System for Buffalo, NY |url=https://buffalony.treekeepersoftware.com/index.cfm?deviceWidth=2133 |website=City of Buffalo Bureau of Forestry |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526060957/https://buffalony.treekeepersoftware.com/index.cfm?deviceWidth=2133 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Buffalo has an area of {{cvt|52.5|sqmi|km2}}; {{cvt|40.38|sqmi|km2}} is land, and the rest is water.<ref name="2019USCensusQuickFacts" /> The city's total area is 22.66 percent water. In 2010, its population density was 6,470.6 per square mile.<ref name="2019USCensusQuickFacts" />