Editing Brno (section)

===20th century and Greater Brno===
[[File:Czechoslovakia IV.png|thumb|Lands and their capitals (underlined) of the [[First Czechoslovak Republic]]]]
[[File:Brno, hlavní nádraží a tramvaje.jpg|thumb|left|Main railway station in 1901]]

Around 1900 Brno, which consisted in administrative terms only of the central city area until 1918, had a predominantly [[Moravian Germans|German-speaking population]] (63%), as opposed to the suburbs, which were predominantly Czech-speaking.<ref name="Bruna">{{cite web|url=http://www.bruenn.eu/de/de_u_cr1.html|title=Die Stadt Brünn – offizielle Webseiten der BRUNA über die Stadt Brünn|website=bruenn.eu}}</ref> Life in the city was therefore bilingual, and what was called in German "Brünnerisch" was a mixed idiom containing elements from both languages.<ref name="Bruna"/>

In 1919, after [[World War I]], two neighbouring towns, Královo Pole and Husovice, and 21 other municipalities were annexed to Brno, creating Greater Brno ({{langx|cs|Velké Brno}}). This was done to dilute the German-speaking majority of close to 55,000<ref name="Hahn"/> by the addition of the Czech communities of the city's neighborhood. Included in the German-speaking group were almost all of the 12,000 Jewish inhabitants, including several of the city's better known personalities, who made a substantial contribution to the city's cultural life.<ref name="Hahn">Eva Hahn, Hans Henning Hahn: ''Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte.'' Schöningh, Paderborn 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-506-77044-8}}, p. 370.</ref> Greater Brno was almost seven times larger, with a population of about 222,000 – before that Brno had about 130,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018 |title=April 16th Marks 100 Years of "Greater Brno", When The City Added 23 Villages, Doubling Its Population |url=https://brnodaily.com/2019/04/16/news/april-16th-marks-100-years-of-greater-brno-when-the-city-added-23-villages-doubling-its-population/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spilberk.cz/?pg=zobraz&co=velke-brno|title=Výstava Velké Brno|access-date=2 October 2011|language=cs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirk.webzdarma.cz/statisticke_udaje_za_Zemi_Moravskoslezskou_k_roku_1930.pdf|title=Statistické údaje za Zemi Moravskoslezskou k roku 1930|access-date=2 October 2011|language=cs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718191932/http://www.kirk.webzdarma.cz/statisticke_udaje_za_Zemi_Moravskoslezskou_k_roku_1930.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.gov.cz/wps/portal/_s.155/701?number1=&number2=&name=o+slou%C4%8Den%C3%AD+sousedn%C3%ADch+obc%C3%AD+s+Brnem&text=|title=Zákon č. 213/1919 Sb., o sloučení sousedních obcí s Brnem|access-date=2 October 2011|language=cs|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110520183437/http://portal.gov.cz/wps/portal/_s.155/701?number1=&number2=&name=o+slou%C4%8Den%C3%AD+sousedn%C3%ADch+obc%C3%AD+s+Brnem&text=|archive-date=20 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1921–1928, Brno was the capital of the administrative region of Land of Moravia (Czech: ''Země Moravská''). In 1928–1948, Brno was the capital of the Land of Moravia-Silesia (Czech: ''Země Moravskoslezská'').

In 1930, 200,000 inhabitants declared themselves to be of Czech, and some 52,000 of German nationality, in both cases including the respective Jewish citizens.<ref name="Hahn"/>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0813-500, Deutsche Truppen in Brünn.jpg|thumb|Part of the civilian population welcomes German troops with the [[Nazi salute]] in Brno, 16 March 1939.]]
During the [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|German occupation of the Czech lands]] between 1939 and 1945, all Czech universities were closed by the Nazis, including those in Brno. The [[Masaryk University|Faculty of Law]] became the headquarters of the [[Gestapo]], and the university hall of residence was used as a prison. About 35,000 Czechs and some American and British [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] were imprisoned and tortured there; about 800 civilians were executed or died.<ref>{{cite web| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308040948/http://www.zasvobodu.cz/clanek.php?c=101 |title=Kounicovi koleje v Brně |url=http://www.zasvobodu.cz/clanek.php?c=101|work=zasvobodu.cz |archive-date=8 March 2008|access-date=30 January 2014|author=František Vašek|language=cs}}</ref> Executions were public.<ref>[http://www.moskyt.net/nase-sibenice-16-novodobe-veseni Leoš Drahota: Naše šibenice 16 – Novodobé věšení], {{ISSN|1213-6905}} "Exekuce v Kounicových kolejích byly veřejné, ale vstup byl možný, podobně jako v případě nějaké kulturní či sportovní akce, jen s platnou vstupenkou, prodávanou za tři marky."</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=It seems like a user-generated site based on original research by enthusiasts|date=March 2016}} The Nazis also operated a [[List of subcamps of Auschwitz|subcamp]] of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], which held mostly Polish prisoners,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/brnn/|title=Brünn|website=Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau|access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref> an internment camp for [[Romani people]] in the city,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=565|title=Internierungslager für Roma Brünn|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=4 December 2021|language=de}}</ref> and a [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] "education" camp in the present-day district of Dvorska.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=2655|title=Arbeitserziehungslager Maxdorf|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=4 December 2021|language=de}}</ref>

Between 1941 and 1942, [[Holocaust train|transport]]s from Brno deported 10,081 Jews to [[Theresienstadt concentration camp|Theresienstadt (Terezín) concentration camp]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brno - jewish heritage, history, synagogues, museums, areas and sites to visit |url=https://jguideeurope.org/en/region/czech-republic/moravia/brno/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=JGuide Europe |language=en}}</ref> At least another 960 people, mostly of [[Anti-miscegenation laws#Nazi Germany|mixed race]], followed in 1943 and 1944. After Terezín, many of them were sent to [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], [[Minsk Ghetto]], [[Rejowiec, Lublin Voivodeship|Rejowiec]] and other [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghetto]]s and [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s. Although Terezín was not an [[extermination camp]], 995 people transported from Brno died there. Only 1,033 people returned after the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://is.muni.cz/th/109786/ff_m_b1/Brnenske_transporty_zidu_1941-1945.pdf |title=Poslední nástupiště Brněnské transporty židů v letech 1941–1945  |author=Klementová, Táňa |year=2010 |access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>

Industrial facilities such as the [[Zbrojovka Brno|Československá zbrojovka]] arms factory and the Zweigwerk [[aircraft engine]] factory (which became Zbrojovka's subsidiary [[Zetor]] after the war) and the city centre were targeted by several [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[bombardment]] campaigns between 1944 and 1945. The air strikes and later artillery fire killed some 1,200 people and destroyed 1,278 buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://is.muni.cz/th/40313/ff_m/ |title=Spojenecké nálety na Brno v letech 1944–1945 |author=Vlček, Martin |date=24 May 2008 |access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref> After the city's occupation by the [[Red Army]] on 26 April 1945<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_udalosti&load=3994|title=Encyklopedie dějin města Brna|date=2 May 2019|website=encyklopedie.brna.cz}}</ref> and the end of the [[World War II|war]], ethnic German residents were [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expelled]]. In the [[Brno death march]], beginning on 31 May 1945, about 27,000 German inhabitants of Brno were marched {{convert|64|km|0|abbr=off}} to the Austrian border. According to testimony collected by German sources, about 5,200 of them died during the march.<ref>Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge und Kriegsgeschädigte & Theodor Schieder eds.: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. Vorarbeiten Fritz Valjavec. Teil 4: Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus der Tschechoslowakei. Bonn, 1957, 2 Bände.</ref> Later estimates by Czech sources put the death toll at about 1,700, with most deaths due to an epidemic of [[shigellosis]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGmTs2SceAgC&pg=PA206|title=Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948|first1=Philipp|last1=Ther|first2=Ana|last2=Siljak|date=2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1094-4}}</ref>

After the reestablishment of an [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|independent Czechoslovak state]] after [[World War II]], President [[Edvard Beneš]] delivered a speech in Brno demanding the [[expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia]]. Shortly afterwards, 20,000 ethnic Germans from the city were expelled into [[Allied-occupied Austria]].<ref>Applebaum, Anne (2012). ''[[iarchive:ironcurtaincrush00appl 0/page/120/mode/2up|Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–1956]]''. New York US: Doubleday. p. 120. {{ISBN|978-0-385-51569-6}}</ref> After the [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état]], the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] abolished Moravian autonomy and Brno thus ceased to be the capital of Moravia.<ref name="zakon2081948">{{cite web|url=http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/sbirka/1948/sb101-48.pdf|title=Zákon 208/1948 Sb. o krajském zřízení|access-date=2 October 2011|language=cs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928133220/http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/sbirka/1948/sb101-48.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esipa.cz/sbirka/sbsrv.dll/sb?CP=1948s280&DR=SB|title=280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení|access-date=2 October 2011|language=cs}}</ref> Since then Moravia has been divided into administrative regions, with Brno the administrative centre of the [[South Moravian Region]].<ref name="zakon2081948"/>

In 1960s and 1970s, large panel [[housing estate]]s were built in border districts, such as Bohunice, Líšeň, Bystrc and Vinohrady. During the communist era, most of the workforce was employed in industry, mainly machinery.

After 1989, part of the workforce switched from industry to services, and Brno became the IT centre of the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, new industrial zones were built at the edge of the city, such as Černovická terasa in the east of the city.