Editing Brazil (section)

=== Independent empire ===
{{Main|Independence of Brazil|Empire of Brazil}}
[[File:Pedro Américo - Independência ou Morte - cores ajustadas.jpg|thumb|right|Declaration of the [[War of Independence of Brazil|Brazilian independence]] by [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] on [[Independence Day (Brazil)|7 September 1822]]]]
Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the [[Portuguese Cortes]], guided by the new political regime imposed by the [[Liberal Revolution of 1820|Liberal Revolution]], tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.<ref>Lustosa, pp.&nbsp;117–19</ref> The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|declaring the country's independence from Portugal]] on 7 September 1822.<ref>Lustosa, pp.&nbsp;150–153</ref> A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first [[Emperor of Brazil]], with the royal title of Dom [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro&nbsp;I]], resulting in the founding of the [[Empire of Brazil]].<ref>Vianna, p.&nbsp;418</ref>

The [[Brazilian War of Independence]], which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in the [[Cisplatina]] province.<ref>Diégues 2004, pp.&nbsp;168, 164, 178</ref> The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;<ref>Diégues 2004, pp.&nbsp;179–80</ref> Portugal [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|officially recognized]] Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825.<ref>Lustosa, p.&nbsp;208</ref>

On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of [[Confederation of the Equator|republican secession]]{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|pp=82–83}} and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro&nbsp;I departed for Portugal to [[Liberal Wars|reclaim his daughter's crown]] after [[Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil|abdicating the Brazilian throne]] in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (Dom [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro&nbsp;II]]).<ref>Lyra (v. 1), p.&nbsp;17</ref>
[[File:Pedro Américo - D. Pedro II na abertura da Assembléia Geral.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], [[List of monarchs of Brazil|Emperor of Brazil]] between 1831 and 1889]]

As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a [[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|regency]] was set up by the National Assembly.<ref>Carvalho 2007, p.&nbsp;21</ref> In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the [[Cabanagem]] in [[Grão-Pará Province|Grão-Pará]], the [[Malê Revolt]] in Salvador, the [[Balaiada]] ([[Maranhão]]), the [[Sabinada]] ([[Bahia]]), and the [[Ragamuffin War]], which began in [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and was supported by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. These emerged from the provinces' dissatisfaction with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent [[nation state]].{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3}} This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the [[Praieira revolt]] in [[Pernambuco]], was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the [[Dom Pedro II#Early coronation|premature coronation of Pedro II]] in 1841.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999}}

During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The [[Atlantic slave trade to Brazil|Atlantic slave trade]] was abandoned in 1850,<ref>[[Leslie Bethell|Bethell, Leslie]] "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" [[Cambridge University Press]] 1970, ''"Cambridge Latin American Studides"'', Chapters 9 to 12. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183843/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> as a result of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Aberdeen Act]] and the [[Eusébio de Queirós Law]], but only in May 1888, after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of [[Slavery in Brazil|slavery in the country]], was the institution formally abolished with the approval of the [[Lei Áurea|Golden Law]].<ref>Scott, Rebecca and others, ''The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil'', Duke University Press 1988 {{ISBN|0-8223-0888-6}} [[Seymour Drescher]], Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"</ref>

The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues with the countries of the [[Southern Cone]] with whom Brazil had borders. Long after the [[Cisplatine War]] that resulted in the independence of [[Uruguay]],<ref>Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183943/https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62 |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro&nbsp;II: the [[Platine War]], the [[Uruguayan War]] and the devastating [[Paraguayan War]], the largest [[war effort]] in Brazilian history.<ref>Lyra (v.1), pp.&nbsp;164, 225, 272</ref>{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War"}}

Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's [[form of government]],{{sfn|Ermakoff|2006|p=189}} on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of the [[Imperial Brazilian Army|Imperial Army]] officers, as well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smallman |first=Shawn C. |title=Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]] Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8078-5359-7 |pages=16–18 |chapter=The Overthrow of the Empire}}</ref> A few days later, the [[Flag of Brazil|national flag]] was replaced with a new design that included the national motto "''Ordem e Progresso''", influenced by [[positivism]]. 15 November is now [[Republic Day]], a national holiday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2017 |title=Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press |language=en-US |work=The Brazilian Report |url=https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193405/https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>