Editing Bosnia and Herzegovina (section)

===Austria-Hungary===
{{Main|Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878|Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
[[File:Sarajevo 1878..jpg|thumb|right|Austro-Hungarian troops [[Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878|enter Sarajevo]], 1878]]
At the Congress of [[Berlin]] in 1878, the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Foreign Minister [[Gyula Andrássy]] obtained the occupation and administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and he also obtained the right to station garrisons in the [[Sanjak of Novi Pazar]], which would remain under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] administration until 1908, when the Austro-Hungarian troops withdrew from the Sanjak.

Although Austro-Hungarian officials quickly came to an agreement with the Bosnians, tensions remained and a mass emigration of Bosnians occurred.{{sfn|Malcolm|2002}} However, a state of relative stability was reached soon enough and Austro-Hungarian authorities were able to embark on a number of social and administrative reforms they intended would make Bosnia and Herzegovina into a "model" colony.

[[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg rule]] had several key concerns in Bosnia. It tried to dissipate the South Slav nationalism by disputing the earlier Serb and Croat claims to Bosnia and encouraging identification of Bosnian or [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]] identity.{{sfn|Hajdarpasic|2015|p=161–165}} Habsburg rule also tried to provide for modernisation by codifying laws, introducing new political institutions, establishing and expanding industries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sugar |first1=Peter |title=Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina : 1878–1918 |date=1963 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle}}</ref>
[[File:Friedrich Alois Schönn - An der lateinischen Brücke in Sarajewo - 171 - Österreichische Galerie Belvedere.jpg|thumb|People of Sarajevo in 1883]]
Austria–Hungary began to plan the annexation of Bosnia, but due to international disputes the issue was not resolved until the [[Bosnian Crisis|annexation crisis]] of 1908.{{sfn|Albertini|2005|p=94}} Several external matters affected the status of Bosnia and its relationship with Austria–Hungary. [[May Coup (Serbia)|A bloody coup]] occurred in Serbia in 1903, which brought a radical anti-Austrian government into power in [[Belgrade]].{{sfn|Albertini|2005|p=140}} Then in 1908, the revolt in the Ottoman Empire raised concerns that the [[Istanbul]] government might seek the outright return of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These factors caused the Austro-Hungarian government to seek a permanent resolution of the Bosnian question sooner, rather than later.

Taking advantage of the turmoil in the Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian diplomacy tried to obtain provisional Russian approval for changes over the status of Bosnia and Herzegovina and published the annexation proclamation on 6 October 1908.{{sfn|Albertini|2005|p=227}} Despite international objections to the Austro-Hungarian annexation, Russians and their client state, Serbia, were compelled to accept the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in March 1909.

In 1910, Habsburg Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] proclaimed the first constitution in Bosnia, which led to relaxation of earlier laws, elections and formation of the [[Diet of Bosnia|Bosnian parliament]] and growth of new political life.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keil|first1=Soeren|title=Multinational Federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London|pages=61–62}}</ref>
[[File:DC-1914-27-d-Sarajevo-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassination]] of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] and [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg]] by [[Gavrilo Princip]] in Sarajevo, 28 June 1914]]
On 28 June 1914, [[Gavrilo Princip]], a [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb]] member of the revolutionary movement [[Young Bosnia]], [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassinated]] the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]], in Sarajevo—an event that was the spark that set off [[World War I]]. At the end of the war, the Bosnian Muslims had lost more men per capita than any other ethnic group in the Habsburg Empire whilst serving in the [[Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry]] of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].<ref name="Schachinger">{{cite book|first=Werner|last=Schachinger|title=Die Bosniaken kommen: Elitetruppe in der k.u.k. Armee, 1879–1918|date=1989|publisher=Leopold Stocker}}</ref> Nonetheless, Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole managed to escape the conflict relatively unscathed.<ref name="Riedlmayer"/>

The Austro-Hungarian authorities established an auxiliary militia known as the [[Schutzkorps]] with a moot role in the empire's policy of [[Anti-Serb sentiment|anti-Serb]] repression.<ref name="Banac1988">{{cite book|first=Ivo|last=Banac|author-link=Ivo Banac|title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&pg=PA367|access-date=4 December 2013|date=1988|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2|page=367|quote=The role of the Schutzkorps, auxiliary militia raised by the Austro-Hungarians, in the policy of anti-Serb repression is moot|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104165337/http://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&pg=PA367|archive-date=4 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Schutzkorps, predominantly recruited among the Bosnian Muslim population, were tasked with hunting down rebel Serbs (the ''[[Chetniks]]'' and ''[[Komitadji]]''){{sfn|Velikonja|2003|p=141}} and became known for their persecution of [[Serbs]] particularly in Serb populated areas of eastern Bosnia, where they partly retaliated against Serbian Chetniks who in fall 1914 had carried out attacks against the Muslim population in the area.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ivo|last=Banac|author-link=Ivo Banac|title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&pg=PA149|access-date=4 December 2013|date=1988|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2|page=149|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105063256/http://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&pg=PA149|archive-date=5 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Tomasevich|2001|p=485}}{{blockquote|The Bosnian wartime militia (Schutzkorps), which became known for its persecution of Serbs, was overwhelmingly Muslim.}}</ref> The proceedings of the Austro-Hungarian authorities led to around 5,500 citizens of Serb ethnicity in Bosnia and Herzegovina being arrested, and between 700 and 2,200 died in prison while 460 were executed.{{sfn|Velikonja|2003|p=141}} Around 5,200 Serb families were forcibly expelled from Bosnia and Herzegovina.{{sfn|Velikonja|2003|p=141}}