Editing Book burning (section)

=== Muslim book burnings (650 CE - 15th century CE) ===
[[Uthman|Uthman ibn 'Affan]], the third [[Caliph]] of Islam after [[Muhammad]], who is credited with overseeing the collection of the verses of the [[Qur'an]], ordered after that in {{circa|650}} the destruction of any other remaining text containing verses of the Qur'an in order to ensure that his version become the only source for others to follow.{{sfn|Polastron|2007|pp=46–47}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/061.sbt.html#006.061.510 |title=Volume 6, Book 61, Number 510 |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=January 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823104808/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/061.sbt.html#006.061.510 |archive-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> During the Muslim conquests of the Middle East, many libraries, such as that of [[Caesarea Maritima]], were burned, and during the conquest of [[Khwarazm]] books were destroyed in order to weaken the identity and resistance of the local population.{{sfn|Polastron|2007|pp=45–46}} Books of other religions were also explicitly burned. In 923, [[Manichaeism|Manichean]] books were burned at the public gate of Baghdad together with a portrait of Mani.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gulácsi |first1=Zsuzsanna |title=Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art: A Codicological Study of Iranian And Turkic Illuminated Book Fragments from 8th-11th Century East Central Asia |date=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13994-7 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikfnWtpbnyQC |access-date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, [[Sikandar Shah Miri]], sultan of Kashmir, forced Hindu conversions and burned books in the fifteenth century.{{sfn|Polastron|2007|pp=218–219}}

Often books were burned for belonging to another Muslim denominations. During the Abbasid invasion of Oman in 892, the army of [[Muhammad ibn Nur]] burnt books of the [[Ibadism|Ibadis]], which probably also contributed to the paucity of sources on early south-east Arabia's history.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abed |first1=Ibrahim |last2=Hellyer |first2=Peter |title=United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective |date=2001 |publisher=Trident Press Ltd |isbn=978-1-900724-47-0 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC |access-date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>The Sunni Ghaznavid ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] burned after his sack of [[Rayy]] a great part of the city's library books as he considered the books, many of them Shiite, heretical.<ref>{{Encyclopædia Iranica| last = Nagel | first = Tilman | title = Buyids | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids | year = 1990 | volume=4 | fascicle=6 | pages = 578–586 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tetley |first1=G. E. |title=The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History |date=27 October 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-08438-8 |pages=70–71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVV9AgAAQBAJ |access-date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> A similar thing happened during the [[Seljuks]] takeover of [[Buyid]] Baghdad in 1059 when the famous ''[[House of Wisdom|dar al-'ilm]]'' was burned.{{sfn|Polastron|2007|p=58}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arregui |first1=Aníbal |last2=Mackenthun |first2=Gesa |last3=Wodianka |first3=Stephanie |title=DEcolonial Heritage: Natures, Cultures, and the Asymmetries of Memory |date=2018 |publisher=Waxmann Verlag |isbn=978-3-8309-8790-1 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3v9TDwAAQBAJ |access-date=5 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Books were also burned in Muslim Spain between the tenth and twelfth century under the Ummayyad, Amirid, Abbadid, Almoravid and Almohad dynasties, often of writers that were deemed heretical or a challenge to the rulers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Safran |first1=Janina M. |title=The politics of book burning in al-Andalus |journal=Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies |date=3 July 2014 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=148–168 |doi=10.1080/17546559.2014.925134}}</ref> During the rule of caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub the possession of books on logic or philosophy (''hikma'') was forbidden and many books, including those by the famous [[Ibn Rushd]], burned.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conrad |first1=Lawrence I. |title=The World of Ibn Ṭufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān |date=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10135-7 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXvhz04I-0YC |access-date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>