Editing Biotechnology (section)

===Industrial===
Industrial biotechnology (known mainly in Europe as white biotechnology) is the application of biotechnology for industrial purposes, including [[industrial fermentation]]. It includes the practice of using [[Cell (biology)|cells]] such as [[microorganism]]s, or components of cells like [[enzyme]]s, to generate [[Industry (manufacturing)|industrially]] useful products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and [[biofuel]]s.<ref>[http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/documents/pdf/Energy_Environment/Industrial_biotech_and_biomass_utilisation_EGM_report.pdf Industrial Biotechnology and Biomass Utilisation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405175248/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/documents/pdf/Energy_Environment/Industrial_biotech_and_biomass_utilisation_EGM_report.pdf |date=April 5, 2013 }}</ref> In the current decades, significant progress has been done in creating [[Genetically modified organism|genetically modified organisms (GMOs)]] that enhance the diversity of applications and economical viability of industrial biotechnology. By using renewable raw materials to produce a variety of chemicals and fuels, industrial biotechnology is actively advancing towards lowering greenhouse gas emissions and moving away from a petrochemical-based economy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.innovationeu.org/news/innovation-eu-vol2-1/0262-industrial-biotechnology.html |title=Industrial biotechnology, A powerful, innovative technology to mitigate climate change |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191501/http://www.innovationeu.org/news/innovation-eu-vol2-1/0262-industrial-biotechnology.html |archive-date=January 2, 2014 |url-status=usurped |access-date=January 1, 2014}}</ref>

[[Synthetic biology]] is considered one of the essential cornerstones in industrial biotechnology due to its financial and sustainable contribution to the manufacturing sector. Jointly biotechnology and synthetic biology play a crucial role in generating cost-effective products with [[Environmentally friendly|nature-friendly]] features by using bio-based production instead of fossil-based.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clarke|first1=Lionel|last2=Kitney|first2=Richard|date=2020-02-28|title=Developing synthetic biology for industrial biotechnology applications|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=48|issue=1|pages=113–122|doi=10.1042/BST20190349|issn=0300-5127|pmc=7054743|pmid=32077472}}</ref> Synthetic biology can be used to engineer [[Model organism|model microorganisms]], such as ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', by [[genome editing]] tools to enhance their ability to produce bio-based products, such as [[bioproduction]] of medicines and [[biofuel]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McCarty|first1=Nicholas S.|last2=Ledesma-Amaro|first2=Rodrigo|date=February 2019|title=Synthetic Biology Tools to Engineer Microbial Communities for Biotechnology|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=37|issue=2|pages=181–197|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.002|issn=0167-7799|pmc=6340809|pmid=30497870}}</ref> For instance, ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' and ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' in a consortium could be used as industrial microbes to produce precursors of the [[chemotherapeutic agent]] [[paclitaxel]] by applying the [[metabolic engineering]] in a co-culture approach to exploit the benefits from the two microbes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Kang|last2=Qiao|first2=Kangjian|last3=Edgar|first3=Steven|last4=Stephanopoulos|first4=Gregory|date=April 2015|title=Distributing a metabolic pathway among a microbial consortium enhances production of natural products|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=33|issue=4|pages=377–383|doi=10.1038/nbt.3095|issn=1087-0156|pmc=4867547|pmid=25558867}}</ref>

Another example of synthetic biology applications in industrial biotechnology is the re-engineering of the [[metabolic pathway]]s of ''E. coli'' by [[CRISPR gene editing|CRISPR]] and [[CRISPR interference|CRISPRi]] systems toward the production of a chemical known as [[1,4-Butanediol|1,4-butanediol]], which is used in fiber manufacturing. In order to produce 1,4-butanediol, the authors alter the metabolic regulation of the ''Escherichia coli'' by CRISPR to induce [[point mutation]] in the ''glt''A gene, [[Gene knockout|knockout]] of the ''sad'' gene, and [[Gene knock-in|knock-in]] six genes (''cat''1, ''suc''D, ''4hbd'', ''cat''2, ''bld'', and ''bdh''). Whereas CRISPRi system used to [[Gene knockdown|knockdown]] the three competing genes (''gab''D, ''ybg''C, and ''tes''B) that affect the biosynthesis pathway of 1,4-butanediol. Consequently, the yield of 1,4-butanediol significantly increased from 0.9 to 1.8 g/L.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Meng-Ying|last2=Sung|first2=Li-Yu|last3=Li|first3=Hung|last4=Huang|first4=Chun-Hung|last5=Hu|first5=Yu-Chen|date=2017-12-15|title=Combining CRISPR and CRISPRi Systems for Metabolic Engineering of E. coli and 1,4-BDO Biosynthesis|journal=ACS Synthetic Biology|volume=6|issue=12|pages=2350–2361|doi=10.1021/acssynbio.7b00251|issn=2161-5063|pmid=28854333}}</ref>