Editing Bikini (section)

=== Social resistance ===
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 |quote  = As subsequent history would show, the bikini was more than a skimpy garment. It was a state of mind.
 |source = Lena Lenček<ref name="Lena Lenček page 100">Lena Lenček, ''The Beach: The History of Paradise on Earth'', page 100, Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-14-027802-6}}</ref>
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[[File:Hooters Bikini Contest.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Hooters]] bikini contest in [[Jacksonville, Florida]], 2009, featuring popular modern designs such as triangle tops and thong-style bottoms]]
Despite the garment's initial success in France, women worldwide continued to wear traditional one-piece swimsuits. When his sales stalled, Réard went back to designing and selling orthodox knickers.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Sage|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article705414.ece |title=Happy birthday: the 'shocking and immoral' bikini hits 60|work=The Times|date=April 16, 2006|access-date=August 18, 2013 |location=London}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 1950, American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole,<ref name=heritage /> owner of mass market swimwear firm [[Cole of California]], told ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' that he had "little but scorn for France's famed Bikinis."<ref>Christine Schmidt, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 2, Bloomsbury Academic, 2012, {{ISBN|0-85785-123-3}}</ref> Réard himself would later describe it as a "two-piece bathing suit which reveals everything about a girl except for her mother's maiden name."<ref>Louise Southerden, ''Surf's Up: The Girl's Guide to Surfing'', page 14, Allen & Unwin, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-74176-831-2}}</ref> Fashion magazine ''Modern Girl Magazine'' in 1957 stated that "it is hardly necessary to waste words over the so-called bikini since it is inconceivable that any girl with tact and decency would ever wear such a thing".<ref name=BBCW /><ref name=heritage />

In 1951, [[Eric Morley]] organized the ''Festival Bikini Contest'', a beauty contest and swimwear advertising opportunity at that year's [[Festival of Britain]]. The press, welcoming the spectacle, referred to it as ''Miss World'',<ref>{{cite book |first1=Elissa |last1=Stein |first2=Lee |last2=Meriwether |title=Beauty Queen |page=[https://archive.org/details/beautyqueenheres0000stei/page/45 45] |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8118-4864-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/beautyqueenheres0000stei/page/45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Susan|last=Dewey|title=Making Miss India Miss World|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmissindiam0000dewe/page/46 46]|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8156-3176-7|url=https://archive.org/details/makingmissindiam0000dewe/page/46}}</ref> a name Morley registered as a trademark.<ref name="Keith Lovegrove 1967">{{cite book|first=Keith|last=Lovegrove|title=Pageant: The Beauty Contest|page=[https://archive.org/details/pageantbeautycon0000love/page/1967 1967]|publisher=teNeues|year=2002|isbn=978-3-8238-5569-9|url=https://archive.org/details/pageantbeautycon0000love/page/1967}}</ref> The winner was [[Kiki Håkansson]] of Sweden, who was crowned in a bikini. After the crowning, Håkansson was condemned by [[Pope Pius XII]],<ref name=Alac /><ref name=magnanti>{{cite news|last=Magnanti|first=Brooke|title=Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html|work=The Telegraph |access-date=December 13, 2013 |date=June 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Selvedge: The Fabric of Your Life|page=39 |publisher=Selvedge Ltd. |year=2005}}</ref> while Spain and Ireland threatened to withdraw from the pageant.<ref>Kevin Rawlinson, "[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/three-miss-worlds-and-one-rugby-world-cup-2010996.html Three Miss Worlds and one (rugby) World Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221346/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/three-miss-worlds-and-one-rugby-world-cup-2010996.html |date=December 15, 2017 }}", ''The Daily Telegraph'', June 26, 2010</ref> In 1952, bikinis were banned from the pageant and replaced by [[evening gown]]s.<ref>{{cite book|first=Han |last=Shin |title=Beauty with a Purpose |page=193 |publisher=iUniverse|year=2004|isbn= 978-0-595-30926-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1950-1955: Navel Maneuvers – The Bikini Breakout|url=http://www.bikiniscience.com/chronology/1950-1955_SS/1950-1955.html|publisher=Bikini Science|access-date=December 13, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013211809/http://www.bikiniscience.com//chronology/1950-1955_SS/1950-1955.html|archive-date=October 13, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> As a result of the controversy, the bikini was explicitly banned from many other [[beauty pageant]]s worldwide.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|last=Magnanti|first=Brooke|title=Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html |work=The Telegraph|access-date=August 22, 2013|date=June 7, 2013|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Ben|last1=Marcus|first2=Jeff|last2=Divine|title=Surfing USA!: An Illustrated History of the Coolest Sport of All Time|page=60|publisher=MVP Books|year=2005|isbn= 978-0-89658-690-1}}</ref> Although some regarded the bikini and beauty contests as bringing freedom to women, they were opposed by some [[feminist]]s<ref name=Alac /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.object.org.uk/campaigns/beauty-pageants |title=Why OBJECT to Beauty Pageants? |publisher=object.org.uk |access-date=May 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522065802/http://www.object.org.uk/campaigns/beauty-pageants |archive-date=May 22, 2014 |df=mdy}}</ref> as well as religious and cultural groups who objected to the degree of exposure of the female body.

[[Paula Stafford]] was an Australian fashion designer credited with introducing the bikini to Australia;<ref name=hicks>Sara Hicks, "[http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/05/19/2249403.htm The mother of all cheeky bikinis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624071612/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/05/19/2249403.htm |date=24 June 2012 }}", ABC Gold Coast, 23 May 2008</ref><ref name=stolz>Greg Stolz, "[http://www.couriermail.com.au/life/shoppingfashion/bikini-queen-paula-stafford-turns-90/story-e6frer4o-1225878133378 Bikini queen Paula Stafford turns 90 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314033846/https://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/bikini-queen-paula-stafford-turns-90/news-story/c3bbbec98714c72aff184e353db47509?nk=f46201ee4382833b39ec931a649063d2-1584157125 |date=14 March 2020 }}", Courier-Mail, 10 June 2010</ref> in a famous incident in 1952, model Ann Ferguson was asked to leave a beach in [[Surfers Paradise, Queensland|Surfers Paradise]] because her Paula Stafford bikini was too revealing.<ref name=bikinicops>"[http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1193266.htm Bikini Cops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903233545/http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1193266.htm |date=3 September 2012 }}" (Transcript), ABC (Australia), 6 September 2004</ref><ref name=campbell>Janet Campbell, "[http://www.brisbanemodern.com.au/issue3-article.html Paula Stafford (b 1920)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228032536/http://www.brisbanemodern.com.au/issue3-article.html |date=28 December 2011 }}", Brisbane Modern magazine, Issue 3</ref> The bikini was banned in Australia, on the French Atlantic coastline, in Spain, in Italy,<ref name=Alac /> and in Portugal, and was prohibited or discouraged in a number of US states.<ref name=timehistory>{{cite magazine|title=The History of the Bikini|url=https://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908353,00.html |magazine=Time|access-date=August 17, 2013|date=July 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>Lena Lanček and Gideon Bosker, ''Making Waves: Swimsuits and the Undressing of America'', page 90, Chronicle Books, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0-87701-398-3}}</ref> The [[United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930|United States Motion Picture Production Code]], also known as the Hays Code, enforced from 1934, allowed two-piece gowns but prohibited the display of navels in Hollywood films.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rachel|last=Moseley|title=Fashioning Film Stars: Dress, Culture, Identity|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781844570683/page/136 136]|publisher=BFI|year=2005|isbn=978-1-84457-067-6|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781844570683/page/136}}</ref> The [[National Legion of Decency]], a Roman Catholic body overseeing American media content, also pressured Hollywood and foreign film producers to keep bikinis from being featured in Hollywood movies.<ref>{{cite book|first=Frank A. |last=Salamone|title=Popular Culture in the Fifties|page=76|publisher=University Press of America|year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-7618-2103-8}}</ref> As late as 1959 one of the United States' largest swimsuit designers, Anne Cole of the [[Anne Cole]] brand,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singer |first=Melissa |date=2017-01-12 |title=An ode to Anne Cole, inventor of the tankini, the friendliest swimsuit to women |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/an-ode-to-anne-cole-inventor-of-the-tankini-the-friendliest-swimsuit-to-women-20170112-gtq3md.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HUGHES">{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Aria |date=2017-01-10 |title=Anne Cole, Swimsuit Designer Who Invented the Tankini, Dies at 90 |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/anne-cole-swimsuit-designer-dies-at-90-tankini-10744569/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref> said, "It's nothing more than a G-string. It's at the razor's edge of decency."<ref name="WOJSI">{{cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=William Oscar |date=February 7, 1989 |title=In The Swim |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1068171/3/index.htm |magazine=Sports Illustrated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050948/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1068171/3/index.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> The Hays Code was abandoned by the mid-1960s, and with it the prohibition of female navel exposure, as well as other restrictions.<ref>Jeanne Nagle, ''Violence in Movies, Music, and the Media'', page 23, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-4042-1795-9}}</ref> The influence of the National Legion of Decency also waned by the 1960s.<ref>Keith M. Booker, ''Historical Dictionary of American Cinema'', page 65, Scarecrow Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-7459-6}}</ref>