Editing Beta cell (section)

=== Type 1 diabetes ===
[[Type 1 diabetes mellitus]], also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is believed to be caused by an auto-immune mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the body.<ref name="Fu_2013" /> The process of beta-cell destruction begins with insulitis activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs). APCs then trigger activation of CD4+ helper-T cells and chemokines/cytokines release. Then, the cytokines activate CD8+ cytotoxic–T cells which leads to beta-cell destruction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tomita T | title = Apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in Type 1 diabetes | journal = Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 183–193 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28368239 | pmc = 5581966 | doi = 10.17305/bjbms.2017.1961 }}</ref> The destruction of these cells reduces the body's ability to respond to glucose levels in the body, therefore making it nearly impossible to properly regulate glucose and glucagon levels in the bloodstream.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eizirik DL, Mandrup-Poulsen T | title = A choice of death--the signal-transduction of immune-mediated beta-cell apoptosis | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 44 | issue = 12 | pages = 2115–2133 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11793013 | doi = 10.1007/s001250100021 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The body destroys 70–80% of beta cells, leaving only 20–30% of functioning cells.<ref name="Chen_2017" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Butler AE, Galasso R, Meier JJ, Basu R, Rizza RA, Butler PC | title = Modestly increased beta cell apoptosis but no increased beta cell replication in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients who died of diabetic ketoacidosis | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 50 | issue = 11 | pages = 2323–2331 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17805509 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-007-0794-x | doi-access = free }}</ref> This can cause the patient to experience hyperglycemia, which leads to other adverse short-term and long-term conditions.<ref name="Ciechanowski_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Hirsch IB | title = The relationship of depressive symptoms to symptom reporting, self-care and glucose control in diabetes | journal = General Hospital Psychiatry | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 246–252 | date = July–August 2003 | pmid = 12850656 | doi = 10.1016/s0163-8343(03)00055-0 }}</ref> The symptoms of diabetes can potentially be controlled with methods such as regular doses of insulin and sustaining a proper diet.<ref name="Ciechanowski_2003" /> However, these methods can be tedious and cumbersome to continuously perform on a daily basis.<ref name="Ciechanowski_2003" />