Editing Berwick-upon-Tweed (section)

=== English town ===

[[File:Berwick on Tweed Fortress Detail.JPG|thumb|Berwick-upon-Tweed fortress detail]]
Much of southern Scotland was again invaded by England during the "[[Rough Wooing]]" (also known as the Eight Years' War) of 1543–1551. The war ended with the Treaty of [[Norham]] in 1551, which saw England withdraw back to the border as had existed before the war began, and so retaining Berwick. Under the treaty, Berwick was declared to be a free town, independent of either kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapin |first1=Paul |title=Acta Regia: Volume 3 |date=1727 |publisher=Le Clerc |location=London |page=373 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u6NwgFy1YsC&pg=PA373 |access-date=8 January 2023|author1-link=Paul de Rapin }}</ref> In practice it was controlled by England and sent members of parliament to the English parliament, but as an independent borough, outside the authority of the sheriffs of any English county, similar to a [[county corporate]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burrow |first1=James |title=Reports of Cases adjudged in the Court of King's Bench, Volume 2 |date=1776 |publisher=Worrall and Tovey |location=London |page=834 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA834 |access-date=8 January 2023 |chapter=R. v Cowle, 1759}}</ref>

During the reign of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], vast sums – one source reports "£128,648, the most expensive undertaking of the Elizabethan period"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.berwick.org.uk/berwick/berwick.htm |title=Historical Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed |access-date=5 October 2012 |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904040459/http://www.berwick.org.uk/berwick/berwick.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> – were spent on its fortifications, in a new Italian style (''[[Star fort|trace italienne]]''), designed both to withstand artillery and to facilitate its use from within the fortifications. These fortifications have been described as "the only surviving walls of their kind".<ref name=Cannon474/> [[Richard Lee (engineer)|Sir Richard Lee]] designed some of the Elizabethan works,<ref>{{cite book |year=1865 |title=Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth 1559–1560 |location=London |publisher=Longman |at=no. 1064, "setting forth the device"}}</ref> and the Italian military engineer [[Giovanni Portinari]] was also involved in the project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Planning-and-Building/Conservation/Archaeology/Berwick.pdf |title=Berwick-upon-Tweed: Northumberland Extensive Urban Survey |date=2009 |pages=34–5 |website=Northumberland County Council |access-date=4 February 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925111532/https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Planning-and-Building/Conservation/Archaeology/Berwick.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Berwick's role as a border fortress town ended with England and Scotland's [[Union of the Crowns]]. On 6 April 1603, [[James VI of Scotland]] crossed the Border on his journey southwards to be crowned [[James VI and I|James I]] of England. He was met at [[Lamberton, Scottish Borders|Lamberton]] by the Lord Governor of Berwick with a mounted party from the garrison and was conducted into the town.<ref>[[Maureen Meikle]], ''A British frontier? Lairds and Gentlemen in the Eastern Borders'' (Tuckwell, 2004), p. 272.</ref> In December 1603, the Crown ordered the dissolution of the garrison of Berwick and the number of soldiers was reduced to 100 men and pensioners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.explore-northumberland.co.uk/Session%209%20Garrison%201.pdf |title=Explore-northumberland.co.uk. ''Union of the Crowns''. |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920173637/http://www.explore-northumberland.co.uk/Session%209%20Garrison%201.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1639, the army of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] faced that of General [[Alexander Leslie]] at Berwick in the [[Bishops' Wars]], which were concerned with bringing the [[Presbyterian]] [[Church of Scotland]] under Charles's control. The two sides did not fight, but negotiated the [[Treaty of Berwick (1639)|Pacification of Berwick]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Seel |first=Graham E |year=1999 |title=The English Wars and Republic, 1637–1660 |url=https://archive.org/details/englishwarsrepub00seel |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-19902-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/englishwarsrepub00seel/page/n10 2]}}</ref>

[[Berwick Bridge]], also known as the "Old Bridge" dates to 1611. It linked [[Islandshire]] on the south bank of the [[River Tweed]] with the county [[burgh]] of Berwick on the north bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://englandsnortheast.co.uk/BerwickuponTweed.html |title=Bishop Auckland |website=englandsnortheast.co.uk |access-date=4 January 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027151413/https://englandsnortheast.co.uk/BerwickuponTweed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Church of the Holy Trinity, Berwick-on-Tweed|Holy Trinity Church]] was built in 1648–52.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mowl |first1=Timothy |author1-link=Timothy Mowl |last2=Earnshaw |first2=Brian |author2-link=Brian Earnshaw |year=1995 |title=Architecture without Kings: Rise of Puritan Classicism Under Cromwell |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4679-7 |page=15}}</ref> It is the most northerly parish church in England and was built under special licence from [[Oliver Cromwell]] during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth period]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/16345/ |title=Holy Trinity |website=www.achurchnearyou.com |access-date=4 January 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023083837/https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/16345/ |url-status=live }}</ref>