Editing Belgrade (section)

===Principality and Kingdom of Serbia===
{{See also|Principality of Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia}}
[[File:Belgrade_Cathedral_&_Landing_Place_1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|View of Belgrade in 1890]]
At the beginning of the 19th century, Belgrade was predominantly inhabited by a Muslim population. Traces of Ottoman rule and architecture—such as mosques and [[bazaar]]s, were to remain a prominent part of Belgrade's townscape into the 19th century; several decades, even, after Serbia was granted autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Basare und Boulevards: Belgrad im 19. Jahrhundert. |last=Mišković |first=Nataša |year=2008 |location=Vienna |page=16}}</ref>

During the [[First Serbian Uprising]], Serbian revolutionaries held the city from 8 January 1807 until 1813, when it was retaken by the Ottomans.<ref name="beogradrs-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201255 |title=History (Liberation of Belgrade) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924080603/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201255 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1807, Turks in Belgrade were massacred and forcefully converted to Christianity. The massacre was encouraged by Russia in order to cement divisions between the Serb rebels and the [[Ottoman Porte|Porte]]. Around 6,000 Muslims and Jews were forcibly converted to Christianity. Most mosques were converted into churches. Muslims, Jews, Aromanians and Greeks were
subjected to forced labour, and Muslim women were widely made available to young Serb men, and some were taken into slavery. [[Milenko Stojković]] bought many of them, and established his harem for which he gained fame. In this circumstances Belgrade demographically transformed from Ottoman to Serb.<ref name="AMH">{{cite book | last=Hoare | first=M.A. | title=Serbia: A Modern History | publisher=Hurst Publishers | year=2024 | page=50}}</ref> After the [[Second Serbian Uprising]] in 1815, Serbia achieved some sort of sovereignty, which was formally recognised by the Porte in 1830.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nations into States: National Liberations in Former Yugoslavia |last=Pavkovic |first=Aleksandar |journal=National Europe Centre Paper No. 5 |publisher=The Australian National University |date=19 October 2001 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41654/3/pavkovic.pdf |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331000615/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41654/3/pavkovic.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The development of Belgrade architecture after 1815 can be divided into four periods. In the first phase, which lasted from 1815 to 1835, the dominant architectural style was still of a Balkan character, with substantial Ottoman influence. At the same time, an interest in joining the European mainstream allowed Central and Western European architecture to flourish. Between 1835 and 1850, the amount of [[Neoclassicism|neoclassicist]] and [[baroque]] buildings south of the Austrian border rose considerably, exemplified by [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|St Michael's Cathedral]] (Serbian: ''Saborna crkva)'', completed in 1840. Between 1850 and 1875, new architecture was characterised by a turn towards the newly popular [[Romanticism]], along with older European architectural styles. Typical of Central European cities in the last quarter of the 19th century, the fourth phase was characterised by an [[Eclecticism|eclecticist]] style based on the Renaissance and Baroque periods.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Istorija Beograda |editor-last=Antonić |editor-first=Zdravko |year=1995 |location=Belgrade |pages=263–264}}</ref>

In 1841, Prince [[Mihailo Obrenović]] moved the capital of the [[Principality of Serbia]] from [[Kragujevac]] to Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kragujevac.rs/History-152-2 |title=History |publisher=City of Kragujevac |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329035624/http://www.kragujevac.rs/History-152-2 |archive-date=29 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |title=History (Important Years Through City History) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924063201/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |url-status=live }}</ref> During his first reign (1815–1839), Prince Miloš Obrenović pursued expansion of the city's population through the addition of new settlements, aiming and succeeding to make Belgrade the centre of the Principality's administrative, military and cultural institutions. His project of creating a new market space (the Abadžijska čaršija), however, was less successful; trade continued to be conducted in the centuries-old Donja čaršija and Gornja čaršija. Still, new construction projects were typical for the Christian quarters as the older Muslim quarters declined; from Serbia's autonomy until 1863, the number of Belgrade quarters even decreased, mainly as a consequence of the gradual [[Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)|disappearance of the city's Muslim population]]. An Ottoman city map from 1863 counts only 9 Muslim quarters (''mahalas''). The names of only five such neighbourhoods are known today: Ali-pašina, Reis-efendijina, Jahja-pašina, Bajram-begova, and Laz Hadži-Mahmudova.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Beogradski odonimi. |last=Radović |first=Srđan |year=2014 |location=Belgrade |pages=47–48}}</ref> Following the [[Čukur Fountain incident]], Belgrade was bombed by the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vesković |first1=Ivana |title=Čukur česma=Čukur fountain |date=2010 |publisher=The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade |location=Belgrade |isbn=978-86-81157-45-9}}</ref>
[[File:De Eerste Balkanoorlog 1912, SFA022816172.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Belgrade 1912]]

On 18 April 1867, the Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison, which had been since 1826 the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia, withdrawn from [[Kalemegdan]]. The forlorn Porte's only stipulation was that the Ottoman flag continue to fly over the fortress alongside the Serbian one. Serbia's ''de facto'' independence dates from this event.<ref>Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume 2: Reform, Revolution and Republic—The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975'' (Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 148.</ref> In the following years, urban planner [[Emilijan Josimović]] had a significant influence on Belgrade. He conceptualised a regulation plan for the city in 1867, in which he proposed the replacement of the town's crooked streets with a [[grid plan]]. Of great importance also was the construction of independent Serbian political and cultural institutions, as well as the city's now-plentiful parks. Pointing to Josimović's work, Serbian scholars have noted an important break with Ottoman traditions. At the time of independence, Belgrade had a mainly Ottoman look, and Josimović stated  
he wanted to rebuild Belgrade so that "the capital does not retain the form that barbarism gave it".{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=18}} Josimović designed Belgrade to resemble Vienna, right down to building grand boulevards inspired by the ''Ringstrasse''.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=18}} All that remains of Ottoman Belgrade today are two mosques, the citadel, and a fountain with Arabic inscriptions.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=18}} However, Istanbul—the capital city of the state to which Belgrade and Serbia ''de jure'' still belonged—underwent similar changes.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nationalism and Architecture. |editor-last=Quek |editor-first=Raymond |year=2012 |location=Farnham |page=97}}</ref> 

In May 1868, ''knez'' Mihailo was assassinated with his cousin [[Anka Konstantinović]] while riding in a carriage in his country residence.<ref>{{citation |last=Hawkesworth |first=Celia |title=''Voices in the Shadows: Women and Verbal Art in Serbia and Bosnia'' |publisher=Budapest and New York: Central European University Press |year=2000 |isbn=963-9116-62-9 |page=101}}</ref>

With the [[Principality of Serbia|Principality]]'s full independence in 1878 and its transformation into the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] in 1882, Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans, and developed rapidly.<ref name="beogradrs-2"/><ref name="beogradrs">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201259 |title=History (The Capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062838/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201259 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, conditions in Serbia remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, even with the opening of a railway to [[Niš]], Serbia's second city. In 1900, the capital had only 70,000 inhabitants<ref>{{cite web |last=Lahmeyer |first=Jan |url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |title=The Yugoslav Federation: Historical demographical data of the urban centers |publisher=populstat.info |date=3 February 2003 |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232754/http://populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (at the time Serbia numbered 2.5&nbsp;million). Still, by 1905, the population had grown to more than 80,000 and, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, it had surpassed the 100,000 citizens, disregarding [[Zemun]], which still belonged to [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Belgrade and Smederevo}}</ref>

The first-ever projection of motion pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe was held in Belgrade in June 1896 by André Carr, a representative of the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]]. He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year; however, they have not been preserved.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/index_e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319065325/http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/index_e.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2013 |chapter-url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/dkosanovic-cinematography.html |title=The history of Serbian Culture |chapter=Serbian Film and Cinematography (1896–1993) |last=Kosanovic |first=Dejan |isbn=1-870732-31-6 |publisher=Porthill Publishers |access-date=10 July 2007 |year=1995}}</ref> The first permanent cinema was opened in 1909 in Belgrade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Деретић |first=Јован |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI7pAAAACAAJ&q=kulturna+istorija+Srba |title=Културна историја Срба: предавања |date=2005 |page=312 |publisher=Народна књига |isbn=978-86-331-2386-0 |language=en |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205051/https://books.google.com/books?id=zI7pAAAACAAJ&q=kulturna+istorija+Srba |url-status=live }}</ref>