Editing Bean (section)

== Cultivation ==

=== Agronomy ===

Many beans are summer crops that needs warm temperatures to grow; peas are an exception. Legumes are capable of [[nitrogen fixation]] and hence need less fertiliser than most plants. Maturity is typically 55–60 days from planting to harvest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWW4AQAAQBAJ&q=bean+maturity+55%E2%80%9360+days&pg=PA452 |title=Early Named Soybean Varieties in the United States and Canada: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook |last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko |date=1 October 2013 |publisher=Soyinfo Center |isbn=9781928914600 |access-date=18 November 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> As the pods mature, they turn yellow and dry up, and the beans inside change from green to their mature colour. Many beans are [[vine]]s needing external support, such as "bean cages" or poles. Native Americans customarily grew them along with corn and squash, the tall stalks acting as support for the beans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Meg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6O4sOoTqV60C&q=native+americans+corn+beans+squash&pg=PA114 |title=New York Yesterday & Today |publisher=Voyageur Press |isbn=9781616731267 |page=114 |access-date=18 November 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

More recently, the commercial "bush bean" which does not require support and produces all its pods simultaneously has been developed.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Germination Of a Bean |url=https://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artdec13macro/Gerhardt_Final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artdec13macro/Gerhardt_Final.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=18 November 2017 |website=Microscopy-uk.org.uk}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="160">
File:Bean Flower in Bangladesh.jpg|Flower with pollinator
File:Lablab bean and bean flowers.JPG|[[Lablab]] flowers and fruits
File:Field beans near Pendomer - geograph.org.uk - 1463701.jpg|[[Vicia faba|Broad beans]] ready for harvest
</gallery>

=== Production ===

{{main|Legume#Production}}

[[File:Beans in a supermarket.jpg|thumb|Beans in a market]]

The production data for legumes are published by [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] in three categories:
# Pulses dry: all mature and dry seeds of leguminous plants except soybeans and groundnuts.
# Oil crops: soybeans and groundnuts.
# Fresh vegetable: immature green fresh fruits of leguminous plants.

The following is a summary of FAO data.<ref>FAO STAT [http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC Production/Crops].</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Production of legumes (million metric tons) 
!Crops<br/>[FAO code]<ref>See {{slink|Legume|Classification}}.</ref>
!1961
!1981
!2001
!2015
!2016
!Ratio<br/><small>2016 /1961</small>
!Remarks
|-
|Total pulses (dry) [1726]
|40.78
|41.63
|56.23
|77.57
|81.80
|2.01
|{{left}} Per capita production decreased.<br/>(Population grew 2.4×)
|-
! colspan="8" |Oil crops (dry)
|-
|Soybeans [236]
|26.88
|88.53
|177.02
|323.20
|334.89
|12.46
|{{left}} Increase driven by animal feeds and oil.
|-
|Groundnuts, with shell [242]
|14.13
|20.58
|35.82
|45.08
|43.98
|3.11
|
|-
! colspan="8" |Fresh vegetables (80–90% water)
|-
|Beans, green [414]
|2.63
|4.09
|10.92
|23.12
|23.60
|8.96
|
|-
|Peas, green [417]
|3.79
|5.66
|12.41
|19.44
|19.88
|5.25
|
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Top producers, pulses [1726]<ref>All legumes dry.</ref><br/>(million metric tons)
|-
!
!Country
!2016
!Share
|-
!Total
!
!81.80
!100%
|-
|1
|India
|17.56
|21.47%
|-
|2
|Canada
|8.20
|10.03%
|-
|3
|Myanmar
|6.57
|8.03%
|-
|4
|China
|4.23
|5.17%
|-
|5
|Nigeria
|3.09
|3.78%
|-
|6
|Russia
|2.94
|3.60%
|-
|7
|Ethiopia
|2.73
|3.34%
|-
|8
|Brazil
|2.62
|3.21%
|-
|9
|Australia
|2.52
|3.09%
|-
|10
|USA
|2.44
|2.98%
|-
|11
|Niger
|2.06
|2.51%
|-
|12
|Tanzania
|2.00
|2.45%
|-
|
|Others
|24.82
|30.34%
|}

The world leader in production of dry beans (''[[Phaseolus]]'' spp),<ref>Dry beans does not include broad beans, dry peas, chickpea, lentil.</ref> is India, followed by Myanmar (Burma) and Brazil. In Africa, the most important producer is Tanzania.<ref name=FAODEF>FAO [http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef04e.htm Pulses and Derived Products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207071652/http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef04e.htm |date=7 December 2015 }}.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Top ten dry beans (Phaseolus spp) producers, 2020
|-
! Country
! Production<br/>([[tonne]]s)
! Footnote
|-
| {{IND}}||align=right|5,460,000||align=right|FAO figure
|-
| {{MMR}}||align=right|3,053,012||align=right|Official figure
|-
| {{BRA}}||align=right|3,035,290||align=right|Aggregated data
|-
| {{USA}}||align=right|1,495,180||align=right|Semi-official data
|-
| {{CHN}}||align=right|1,281,586||align=right|Official figure
|-
| {{TAN}}||align=right|1,267,648||align=right|FAO figure
|-
| {{MEX}}||align=right|1,056,071||align=right|Official figure
|-
| {{KEN}}||align=right|774,366||align=right|FAO figure
|-
| {{ARG}}||align=right|633,823||align=right|Semi-official data
|-
| {{UGA}}||align=right|603,980||align=right|Official figure
|-
| {{noflag}}'''World'''||align=right|'''27,545,942'''||Aggregated data
|}

''Source: [[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor |title=Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers – Countries By Commodity |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230329/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor |archive-date=6 September 2015 |df=dmy}}</ref>