Editing Baritone (section)

== Subtypes and roles in opera ==
Within the baritone voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: baryton-Martin baritone (light baritone); lyric baritone; ''Kavalierbariton;'' Verdi baritone; dramatic baritone; ''baryton-noble'' baritone; and the bass-baritone.

=== Baryton-Martin ===
The baryton-Martin baritone (sometimes referred to as light baritone)<ref>Tom Huizenga, [https://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2011/12/14/143706798/talk-like-an-opera-geek-breaking-down-baritones "Talk Like An Opera Geek: Breaking Down Baritones"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507110610/http://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2011/12/14/143706798/talk-like-an-opera-geek-breaking-down-baritones |date=7 May 2015 }}, [[NPR]], 14 December 2011</ref> lacks the lower G<sub>2</sub>–B<sub>2</sub> range a heavier baritone is capable of, and has a lighter, almost tenor-like quality. Its common range is from C<sub>3</sub> to the B above middle C (C<sub>3</sub> to B<sub>4</sub>).<ref>[[John Warrack]] and Ewan West, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Opera'', 2nd edition, 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-869164-5}}</ref> Generally seen only in French repertoire, this ''[[Fach]]'' was named after the French singer [[Jean-Blaise Martin]]. Associated with the rise of the baritone in the 19th century, Martin was well known for his fondness for [[falsetto]] singing, and the designation 'baryton Martin' has been used (Faure, 1886) to separate his voice from the 'Verdi Baritone', which carried the chest register further into the upper range.<ref name=NGD /> This voice type shares the ''primo [[passaggio]]'' and ''secondo passaggio'' with the Dramatic Tenor and Heldentenor (C<sub>4</sub> and F<sub>4</sub> respectively), and hence could be trained as a tenor.

Baryton-Martin roles in opera:
*Aeneas, ''[[Dido and Aeneas]]'' ([[Henry Purcell|Purcell]])
*Dancaїre, ''[[Carmen]]'' ([[Georges Bizet|Bizet]])
*L'horloge comtoise, ''[[L'enfant et les sortilèges]]'' ([[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]])
*Orfeo, ''[[L'Orfeo]]'' ([[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]])
*Pelléas, ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'' ([[Claude Debussy|Debussy]])
*Ramiro, ''[[L'heure espagnole]]'' (Ravel)

=== {{anchor|Lyric baritone}} Lyric ===
The lyric baritone is a sweeter, milder sounding baritone voice, lacking in harshness; lighter and perhaps mellower than the dramatic baritone with a higher [[tessitura]]. Its common range is from the A below C<sub>3</sub> to the A{{music|b}} above middle C (A<sub>2</sub> to A{{music|b}}<sub>4</sub>).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rebecca Armstrong|date=2021-07-14|title=Understanding Voice Types: Baritone|website=Opera For All|url=https://www.operaforall.co.uk/understanding-voice-types-baritone/|access-date=2024-01-28|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526073620/https://www.operaforall.co.uk/understanding-voice-types-baritone/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is typically assigned to comic roles.

Lyric baritone roles in opera:
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*Count Almaviva, ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]])
*Guglielmo, ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (Mozart)
*Papageno, ''[[The Magic Flute]]'' (Mozart)
*Dr Malatesta ''[[Don Pasquale]]'' ([[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]])
*Prospero, ''[[The Tempest (opera)|The Tempest]]'' ([[Thomas Adès|Adès]])
*Marcello, ''[[La bohème]]'' ([[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]])
*Figaro, ''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' ([[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]])
*Morales, ''[[Carmen]]'' ([[Georges Bizet|Bizet]])
*Top, ''[[The Tender Land]]'' ([[Aaron Copland|Copland]])<ref>[http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl%3Fopera%3DThe%2BTender%2BLand%26a ''The Tender Land''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173525/http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl%3Fopera%3DThe%2BTender%2BLand%26a |date=23 September 2015 }}, aria-database.com</ref>
{{Div col end}}

=== ''Kavalierbariton'' ===
[[File:ICBSA Verdi - La traviata, Di Provenza.ogg|thumb|[[Riccardo Stracciari]] singing Giorgio Germont's aria ''Di provenza il mar il suol'' from ''[[La traviata]]'']]

The ''Kavalierbariton'' baritone is a metallic voice that can sing both lyric and dramatic phrases, a manly, noble baritonal color. Its common range is from the A below low C to the G above middle C (A<sub>2</sub> to G<sub>4</sub>).{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} Not quite as powerful as the Verdi baritone who is expected to have a powerful appearance on stage, perhaps muscular or physically large.

''Kavalierbariton'' roles in opera:
*Don Giovanni, ''[[Don Giovanni]] ''([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]])
*Count, ''[[Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio]]'' ([[Richard Strauss|R. Strauss]])
*Giorgio Germont, ''[[La traviata]] ''([[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]])
*Zurga, ''[[Les pêcheurs de perles]]'' ([[Georges Bizet|Bizet]])

=== Verdi ===
The Verdi baritone is a more specialized voice category and a subset of the Dramatic Baritone. Its common range is from the G below low C to the B{{Music|b}} above middle C (G<sub>2</sub> to B{{Music|b}}<sub>4</sub>).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seesholtz |first=John Clayton |date=2012-05-01 |title=The origin of the Verdi baritone |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=10867732&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA301776471&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Journal of Singing |language=English |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=521–526 |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412050350/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=10867732&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA301776471&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=anon%7Ea78ed1f2&aty=open-web-entry |url-status=live }}</ref> A Verdi baritone refers to a voice capable of singing consistently and with ease in the highest part of the baritone range. It will generally have a lot of [[squillo]].
Verdi baritone roles in opera:
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* Amonasro, ''[[Aida]]''
* Conte di Luna, ''[[Il trovatore]]''
* Don Carlo, ''[[Ernani]]''
* Don Carlo di Vargas, ''[[La forza del destino]]''
* Falstaff, ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]''
* Ford, ''Falstaff''
* Germont, ''[[La traviata]]''
* Iago, ''[[Otello]]''
* Macbeth, ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]''
* Nabucco, ''[[Nabucco]]''
* Renato, ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]''
* Rigoletto, ''[[Rigoletto]]''
* Rodrigo, ''[[Don Carlos]]''
* Simon Boccanegra, ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''
{{Div col end}}

=== Dramatic ===
The dramatic baritone is a voice that is richer, fuller, and sometimes harsher than a lyric baritone and with a darker quality. Its common range is from the G half an octave below low C to the G above middle C (G<sub>2</sub> to G<sub>4</sub>). The dramatic baritone category corresponds roughly to the Heldenbariton in the German ''Fach'' system except that some Verdi baritone roles are not included. The primo passaggio and secondo passaggio of both the Verdi and dramatic baritone are at B{{music|b}} and E{{music|b}} respectively, hence the differentiation is based more heavily on timbre and tessitura. Accordingly, roles that fall into this category tend to have a slightly lower tessitura than typical Verdi baritone roles, only rising above an F at the moments of greatest intensity. Many of the [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]] roles fall into this category. However, it is important to note that, for all intents and purposes, a Verdi Baritone is simply a Dramatic Baritone with greater ease in the upper tessitura (Verdi Baritone roles center approximately a minor third higher). Because the Verdi Baritone is sometimes seen as a subset of the Dramatic Baritone, some singers perform roles from both sets of repertoire. Similarly, the lower tessitura of these roles allows them frequently to be sung by bass-baritones.

Dramatic baritone roles in opera:
*Jack Rance, ''[[La fanciulla del West]]'' (Puccini)
*Scarpia, ''[[Tosca]]'' (Puccini)
*Iago, ''[[Otello]] ''(Verdi)
*Escamillo, ''[[Carmen]]'' (Bizet)

=== ''Baryton-noble'' ===
The ''baryton-noble'' baritone is French for "noble baritone" and describes a part that requires a noble bearing, smooth vocalisation and forceful declamation, all in perfect balance. This category originated in the [[Paris Opera]], but it greatly influenced [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] (Don Carlo in ''[[Ernani]] ''and ''[[La forza del destino]]''; Count Luna in ''[[Il trovatore]]''; ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]'') and Wagner as well (''Wotan''; ''Amfortas''). Similar to the Kavalierbariton.

''Baryton-noble'' roles in opera are:
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* Aleko, ''[[Aleko (Rachmaninoff)|Aleko]]''
* Alberich, ''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]''
* Albert, ''[[Werther]]''
* Alfio, ''[[Cavalleria rusticana]]''
* Amfortas, ''[[Parsifal]]''
* Amonasro, ''[[Aida]]''
* Ascanio Petrucci, ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (opera)|Lucrezia Borgia]]''
* Athanaël, ''[[Thaïs (opera)|Thaïs]]''
* Barnaba, ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]''
* Baron Mirko Zeta, ''[[The Merry Widow]]''
* Belcore, ''[[L'elisir d'amore]]''
* Boris Godunov, ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]''
* Chou En-lai, ''[[Nixon in China]]''
* Chorèbe, ''[[Les Troyens]]''
* Count di Luna, ''[[Il trovatore]]''
* Count Monterone, ''[[Rigoletto]]''
* Count Tomsky, ''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]''
* Count von Eberbach, ''[[Der Wildschütz]]''
* Dandini, ''[[La Cenerentola]]''
* Don Carlo, ''[[Ernani]]''
* Don Carlo di Vargas, ''[[La forza del destino]]''
* Don Giovanni, ''[[Don Giovanni]]''
* Dr. Malatesta, ''[[Don Pasquale]]''
* Dr. P., ''[[The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (opera)|The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat]]''
* Duke of Nottingham, ''[[Roberto Devereux]]''
* Dunois, ''[[The Maid of Orleans (opera)|The Maid of Orleans]]''
* Eddie Carbone, ''[[A View from the Bridge#Opera|A View from the Bridge]]''
* Eochaidh, ''[[The Immortal Hour]]''
* Enrico Ashton, ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]''
* Ernesto, ''[[Il pirata]]''
* Escamillo, ''[[Carmen]]''
* Eugene Onegin, ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]''
* Falstaff, ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]''
* Figaro, ''[[The Barber of Seville]]''
* Ford, ''Falstaff''
* Ford, ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor (opera)|The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
* Francisco Goya, ''[[Facing Goya]]''
* Friedrich of Telramund, ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]''
* Fyodor Poyarok, ''[[The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya]]''
* Gérard, ''[[Andrea Chénier]]''
* Giorgio Germont, ''[[La traviata]]''
* Golaud, ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]''
* Guglielmo, ''[[Così fan tutte]]''
* Guglielmo Tell, ''[[William Tell (opera)|William Tell]]''
* Hamlet, ''[[Hamlet (opera)|Hamlet]]''
* Hans Heiling, ''[[Hans Heiling]]''
* Herr von Faninal, ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]''
* High Priest of Dagon, ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]]''
* Horace Tabor, ''[[The Ballad of Baby Doe]]''
* Iago, ''[[Otello]]''
* Igor Svyatoslavich, ''[[Prince Igor]]''
* Ivan Mazepa, ''[[Mazeppa (opera)|Mazeppa]]''
* Jack Rance, ''[[La fanciulla del West]]''
* Jochanaan, ''[[Salome (opera)|Salome]]''
* John Styx, ''[[Orpheus in the Underworld]]''
* Jupiter, ''[[Orpheus in the Underworld]]''
* Kilian, ''[[Der Freischütz]]''
* Kochubey, ''[[Mazeppa (opera)|Mazeppa]]''
* Krušina, ''[[The Bartered Bride]]''
* Kurwenal, ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]''
* Le Comte de Nevers, ''[[Les Huguenots]]''
* Le Comte de Saint-Bris, ''[[Les Huguenots]]''
* Lescaut, ''[[Manon Lescaut (Puccini)|Manon Lescaut]]''
* Lescaut, ''[[Manon]]''
* Lionel, ''[[The Maid of Orleans (opera)|The Maid of Orleans]]''
* Lord Cockburn, ''[[Fra Diavolo (opera)|Fra Diavolo]]''
* Lord Guglielmo Cecil, ''[[Maria Stuarda]]''
* Marcello, ''[[La bohème]]''
* Marullo, ''[[Rigoletto]]''
* Mercutio, ''[[Roméo et Juliette]]''
* Nabucco, ''[[Nabucco]]''
* Ottokar, ''[[Der Freischütz]]''
* Paolo Albiani, ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''
* Papageno, ''[[The Magic Flute]]''
* Peter, ''[[Hänsel und Gretel (opera)|Hänsel und Gretel]]''
* Prince Afron, ''[[The Golden Cockerel]]''
* Prince Vyazminsky, ''[[The Oprichnik]]''
* Prince Yeletsky, ''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]''
* Prince Nikita Kurlyatev, ''[[The Enchantress (opera)|The Enchantress]]''
* Prosdocimo, ''[[Il turco in Italia]]''
* Raimbaud, ''[[Le comte Ory]]''
* Richard Nixon, ''[[Nixon in China]]''
* Ruggiero, ''[[La Juive]]''
* Rigoletto, ''[[Rigoletto]]''
* Rodrigue, ''[[Don Carlos]]''
* Scarpia, ''[[Tosca]]''
* Schaunard, ''[[La bohème]]''
* Sharpless, ''[[Madama Butterfly]]''
* Sherasmin, ''[[Oberon (Weber)|Oberon]]''
* Simon, ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''
* Sir Riccardo Forth, ''[[I puritani]]''
* Tonio, ''[[Pagliacci]]''
* Tutor, ''[[Le comte Ory]]''
* Valentin, ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]''
* Wolfram von Eschenbach, ''[[Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser]]''
* Wozzeck, ''[[Wozzeck]]''
* Zurga, ''[[Les pêcheurs de perles]]''
{{Div col end}}

=== Bass-baritone ===
[[File:Mozart - Le Nozze di Figaro (Fricsay) - Act 1 - 20. Non più andrai.ogg|thumb|[[Renato Capecchi]] singing ''[[Non più andrai]]'' from ''[[Le nozze di Figaro]]'']]

{{Main|Bass-baritone}}
The bass-baritone range extends from the F below low C to the F or F{{music|sharp}} above middle C (F<sub>2</sub> to F<sub>4</sub> or F{{music|#}}<sub>4</sub>).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&pg=PA148|title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge|edition=Second|author=The New York Times|author-link=The New York Times|year=2007|publisher=St Martin's Press|page=148|isbn=9780312376598|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=12 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412050312/https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Bass-baritones are typically divided into two separate categories: lyric bass-baritone and dramatic bass-baritone.<ref name=McKinney>{{cite book 
|title= The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults
|last= McKinney
|first= James
|year= 1994
|publisher= Genovex Music Group
|isbn= 978-1-56593-940-0}}</ref>

Lyric bass-baritone roles in opera include:
* Don Pizarro, ''[[Fidelio]]'' ([[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]])
* Golaud, ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'' ([[Claude Debussy|Debussy]])
* Méphistophélès, ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' ([[Charles Gounod|Gounod]])
* Don Alfonso, ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]])
* Figaro, ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' (Mozart)
* Leporello, ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' (Mozart)
Dramatic bass-baritone roles in opera include:
* Aleko, ''[[Aleko (Rachmaninoff)|Aleko]]'' ([[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninoff]])
* Igor, ''[[Prince Igor]]'' ([[Alexander Borodin|Borodin]])
* Dutchman, ''[[The Flying Dutchman (opera)|The Flying Dutchman]]'' ([[Richard Wagner|Wagner]])
* Hans Sachs, ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]'' (Wagner)
* Wotan, ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' (Wagner)
* Amfortas, ''[[Parsifal]]'' (Wagner)

=== Gilbert and Sullivan ===
All of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'s [[Savoy opera]]s have at least one lead baritone character (frequently the comic principal). Notable [[operetta]] roles are:

{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Archibald Grosvenor, ''[[Patience (opera)|Patience]]''
* Bill Bobstay ([[Boatswain]]'s Mate), ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]''
* Captain Corcoran, ''H.M.S. Pinafore''
* Dr. Daly, ''[[The Sorcerer]]''
* The Duke of Plaza-Toro, ''[[The Gondoliers]]''
* Florian, ''[[Princess Ida]]''
* Giuseppe Palmieri, ''The Gondoliers''
* Jack Point, ''[[The Yeomen of the Guard]]''
* John Wellington Wells, ''The Sorcerer''
* King Gama, ''Princess Ida''
* Ko-Ko, ''[[The Mikado]]''
* Lord Mountararat, ''[[Iolanthe]]''
* The Lord Chancellor, ''Iolanthe''
* Luiz, ''The Gondoliers''
* Major-General Stanley, ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]''
* Major Murgatroyd, ''Patience''
* The Pirate King, ''The Pirates of Penzance''
* Pish-Tush, ''The Mikado''
* Pooh-Bah, ''The Mikado''
* Reginald Bunthorne, ''Patience''
* Sir Despard Murgatroyd, ''[[Ruddigore]]''
* Sir Joseph Porter, ''H.M.S. Pinafore''
* Sir [[Richard Cholmondeley]] (Lieutenant of the Tower), ''The Yeomen of the Guard''
* Sir Ruthven Murgatroyd (as Robin Oakapple), ''Ruddigore''
* Strephon, ''Iolanthe''
* Samuel, ''The Pirates of Penzance''
* Wilfred Shadbolt. ''The Yeomen of the Guard''

{{Div col end}}

=== Baritone in popular music ===
{{main|List of baritones in non-classical music}}

In [[barbershop music]], the baritone part sings in a similar range to the lead (singing the melody) however usually singing lower than the lead. A barbershop baritone has a specific and specialized role in the formation of the four-part harmony that characterizes the style.

The baritone singer is often the one required to support or "fill" the bass sound (typically by singing the [[perfect fifth|fifth]] above the bass root) and to complete a chord. On the other hand, the baritone will occasionally find himself harmonizing above the melody, which calls for a tenor-like quality. Because the baritone fills the chord, the part is often not very melodic.

In [[bluegrass music]], the melody line is called the lead. Tenor is sung an interval of a third above the lead. Baritone is the fifth of the scale that has the lead as a tonic, and may be sung below the lead, or even above the lead (and the tenor), in which case it is called "high baritone". Conversely, the more "[[soul music|soul]]" baritones have the more traditional timbre, but sing in a vocal range that is closer to the tenor vocal range. Some of these singers include [[David Ruffin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classic.motown.com/artist/david-ruffin/|title=David Ruffin &#124; Classic Motown|website=classic.motown.com|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807204406/https://classic.motown.com/artist/david-ruffin/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wilson Pickett]], [[Otis Redding]], [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]],<ref>{{AllMusic|author=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|class=artist|id=mn0000609396|tab=biography|title=Tom Jones – Biography}}</ref> [[Michael McDonald (singer)|Michael McDonald]],<ref>{{AllMusic|author=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|class=artist|id=mn0000459616|tab=biography|title=Michael McDonald – Biography}}</ref> and [[Levi Stubbs]] of the [[Four Tops]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7693758.stm Stars mourn Four Tops star Stubbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218092519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7693758.stm |date=18 February 2009 }}, BBC News, 28 October 2008.</ref>