Editing Ayahuasca (section)

=== Early academic research ===
In academic discourse, the initial mention of ayahuasca dates back to [[Manuel Villavicencio]]'s 1858 book, "''Geografía de la República del Ecuador.''" This work vividly delineates the employment and rituals involving ayahuasca by the [[Jivaroan peoples|Jivaro]] people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Justin |date=2015 |title=Investigating a Century-Long Hole in History: The Untold Story of Ayahuasca From 1755–1865 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/54847411.pdf |journal=Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 802, University of Colorado, Boulder}}</ref> Concurrently, [[Richard Spruce]] embarked on an Amazonian expedition in 1852 to collect and classify previously unidentified botanical specimens. During this journey, Spruce encountered and documented ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' (at time named ''Banisteria caapi'') and observed an ayahuasca ceremony among the [[Tucano people|Tucano]] community situated along the [[Vaupés River]]. Subsequently, Spruce uncovered the usage and cultivation of ''B. caapi'' among various indigenous groups dispersed across the Amazon and Orinoco basins, like the [[Guahibo people|Guahibo]] and [[Zaparo people|Sápara]]. These multifarious encounters, together with Spruce's personal accounts of subjective ayahuasca experiences, were collated in his work, "Notes of a Botanist On The Amazon and Andes.".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spruce |first=Richard |title=Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon & Andes: Being Records of Travel on the Amazon and Its Tributaries, the Trombetas, Rio Negro, Uaupés, Casiquiari, Pacimoni, Huallaga and Pastasa; as Also to the Cataracts of the Orinoco, Along the Eastern Side of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador, and the Shores of the Pacific, During the Years 1849–1864 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1908}}</ref> By the end of the century, other explorers and anthropologists contributed more extensive documentation concerning ayahuasca, notably the [[Theodor Koch-Grunberg|Theodor Koch-Grünberg]]'s documents about Tucano and [[Arecuna people|Arecuna]]'s rituals and ceremonies,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koch-Grünberg |first=Theodor |title=indianertypen aus dem Amazonasgebiet nach eigenen Aufnahmen während seiner Reise in Brasilien |publisher=Ernst Wasmuth, Berlin. |year=1906}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Koch-Grünberg |first=Theodor |title=Zwei Jahre unter den Indianern: Reisen in Nordwest-Brasilien 1903–1905 |publisher=Ernst Wasmuth, Berlin |year=1909}}</ref> [[Ermanno Stradelli|Stradelli]]'s first-hand reports of ayahuasca rituals and mythology along the [[Jurupari River|Jurupari]] and [[Vaupés River|Vaupés]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stradelli |first=Ermanno |date=1890 |title=L'Uaupés e gli Uaupés, Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana |journal=Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=425–453}}</ref> and Alfred Simson's first description of admixture of several ingredients in the making of ayahuasca in [[Putumayo River|Putumayo]] region, published in 1886.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simson |first=Alfred |title=Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador. |publisher=London: Lowe, Livinston, Marston & Searle |year=1886}}</ref>

In 1905, Rafael Zerda Bayón named the active extract of ayahuasca as ''telepathine,'' a name latter used by the Colombian chemist Guillermo Fischer Cárdenas when he isolated the substance in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-05 |title=1905 – "Telepathine" is Suggested as a Name for the Active Ingredient in the Ayahuasca Vine |url=https://ayahuasca-timeline.kahpi.net/telepathine-ayahuasca-vine/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Ayahuasca Timeline - From Mythic Origins to Global Popularity |language=en-US}}</ref> Contemporaneously, [[Louis Lewin|Lewin]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewin |first=Louis |date=1928 |title=Untersuchungen über Banisteria Caapi Spr |journal=Archiv für Experimental Pathologie und Pharmacologie |volume=129 |issue=3–4 |pages=133–149|doi=10.1007/BF01864238 |s2cid=44355378 }}</ref> and Gunn<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gunn |first=J. A. |date=1929 |title=A note on banisterine or harmine |journal=Lancet |volume=213 |issue=5511 |pages=769–770|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)98824-X }}</ref> were independently studying the properties of the ''banisterine,'' extracted of the ''B. caapi,'' and its effects on animal models.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewin |first=Louis |date=1928 |title=Sur une substance enivrante, la banisterine, extraite de Banisteria caapi. |journal=C. R. Acad. Sci.}}</ref> Further clinical trials were being conducted, exploring the effects of banisterine on Parkinson's disease.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beringer |first=K. |date=1928 |title=Über ein neues, auf das extrapyramidal-motorische System wirkendes Alkaloid (Banisterin). |journal=Nervenarzt |volume=1 |pages=265–275}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beringer |first=K. |date=1929 |title=Zur banisterin-und harminfrage. |journal=Nervenarzt |volume=2 |pages=548–549}}</ref> Later it was found that both ''telepathine'' and ''banisterine'' are the same substance, identical to a chemical already isolated from ''[[Peganum harmala]]'' and given the name [[Harmine]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elger|first=F.|date=1928|title=Über das Vorkommen von Harmin in einer südamerikanischen Liane (Yagé)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hlca.19280110113|journal=Helvetica Chimica Acta|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=162–166|doi=10.1002/hlca.19280110113}}</ref>