Editing Autograph collecting (section)

===Deceptive devices===
Some personalities have used a rubber or steel hand-stamp to "sign" their documents. American President [[Andrew Johnson]] (c. 1866) did so during his tenure as a senator prior to assuming the presidency, since his right hand was injured in a train accident. This is why his autograph as president differs from previous autographs. President [[Warren Harding]] frequently used a rubber stamp while he was a senator. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] used them, along with President [[Woodrow Wilson]] (c. 1916). England's King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and Pennsylvania colony founder [[William Penn]] used a deceiving hand stamp.

[[Joseph Stalin]] had several rubber signature stamps which were used on awards and [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] cards. [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Lavrenti Beria]], the [[KGB]] chief, used similar stamps.

Quality forgeries have been made for many of Europe's past rulers. The [[French nobility|French nobles]] had their ''secrétaires'' sign their documents. {{cn span|Many forgeries of [[Napoleon]]'s (c. 1800) war orders exist; he was so busy with battle concerns that he barely had enough time to sign promotion orders for generals, so his [[scribe]]s applied his name to lesser documents.|date=January 2021}}

Many famous astronauts,<ref>{{cite web|title=Found authentic Apollo 11 memorabilia online? Not so fast|url=https://www.tampabay.com/found-authentic-apollo-11-memorabilia-online-not-so-fast-20190703/|date=July 2, 2019|website=Tampa Bay Times|accessdate=5 January 2021}}</ref> Arctic explorers,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sandys|first=Susan|title=Expert casts doubt on Hillary signature|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/expert-casts-doubt-on-hillary-signature/B5OXIEDRVJB26YLXK2AC6DU2TY/|date=4 Jan 2013|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |accessdate=8 January 2021}}</ref> musicians,<ref>{{cite web|title=Elvis, Beatles top list of most-forged autographs|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-28/elvis2c-beatles-top-list-of-most-forged-autographs/4446360|date=27 December 2012|website=ABC NEWS|accessdate=5 January 2021}}</ref> poets, and literary authors<ref>{{cite web|last=Mendelson|first=Edward|title=An Outbreak of Forged Signatures|url=https://audensociety.org/forgeries.html|website=The W. H. Auden Society|accessdate=8 January 2021}}</ref> have had forgeries of their epistles and signatures produced. False signatures of [[Charles Lindbergh]] were clandestinely signed onto real 1930-era airmail envelopes bought at stamp shops and then re-sold to unwary buyers; the same has occurred with [[Amelia Earhart]] and the [[Wright brothers]]. [[Mickey Mouse]] creator [[Walt Disney]] had several of his cartoonists duplicate his artistic signature on replies to children seeking his autograph. Disney's actual autograph was distinctly different from the way it appears in his cartoons.

Texan paper currency was signed in ink by [[Sam Houston]], though not handwritten by Houston himself.

The October 1986 ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' magazine explored ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'', a 1931 painting by the Spanish artist [[Salvador Dalí]]. It quoted one of his secretaries as claiming that she signed the artist's signature to postcard depictions of his paintings. Another article in the April 2005 ''Smithsonian'' noted: "In 1965 he began selling signed sheets of otherwise blank lithograph paper for $10 a sheet. He may have signed well over 50,000 in the remaining quarter century of his life, an action that resulted in a flood of Dalí lithograph forgeries."

Some deceivers cut pages from books that American President [[Richard Nixon]] signed on the blank flyleaf, typed his letter of resignation from the presidency on that signed page, and then sold the doctored item as if Nixon had personally signed a scarce copy of the historical document. This practice has expanded to include quotations from [[George W. Bush]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].