Editing Augustine of Hippo (section)

== Death and sainthood ==
Shortly before Augustine's death, the [[Vandals]], a [[Germanic tribe]] that had converted to [[Arianism]], [[Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa|invaded Roman Africa]]. The Vandals besieged Hippo in the spring of 430 when Augustine entered his final illness. According to Possidius, one of the few miracles attributed to Augustine, the healing of an ill man, took place during the siege.{{sfn|Possidius|2008|p=43}} Augustine has been cited to have excommunicated himself upon the approach of his death in an act of public penance and solidarity with sinners.<ref>Joseph Ratzinger, Behold the Pierced One (Ignatius Press: 2011), ePub ed. 63

See also, J.van der Meer, Augustinus der Seelsorger (Cologned 1951), 324</ref> Spending his final days in prayer and repentance, he requested the penitential [[Psalms]] of David be hung on his walls so he could read them and upon which led him to "[weep] freely and constantly" according to Possidius' biography.<ref>Possidius, Life of St. Augustine (trans. Weiskotten), Chapter XXXI. Death and burial, https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/possidius_life_of_augustine_02_text.htm#C31</ref> He directed the library of the church in Hippo and all the books therein should be carefully preserved. He died on 28 August 430.{{sfn|Possidius|2008|p=57}} Shortly after his death, the Vandals lifted the siege of Hippo, but they returned soon after and burned the city. They destroyed all but Augustine's cathedral and library, which they left untouched.

Augustine was [[canonization|canonized]] by popular acclaim, and later recognized as a Doctor of the Church in 1298 by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].{{sfn|Oestreich|1907}} His [[feast day]] is 28 August, the day on which he died. He is considered the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, and a number of cities and dioceses. He is invoked against sore eyes.<ref name="KnoYrSaint" />

Augustine is remembered in the [[Church of England]]'s [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|calendar of saints]] with a [[Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)|lesser festival]] on 28 August.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref>

=== Relics ===
[[File:Basilica-sant'agostino-annaba03.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Augustine's arm bones, [[Saint Augustin Basilica]], Annaba, Algeria]]
According to [[Bede]]'s ''True Martyrology'', Augustine's body was later [[Translation (relic)|translated]] or moved to [[Cagliari]], [[Sardinia]], by the Catholic bishops expelled from North Africa by [[Huneric]]. Around 720, his remains were transported again by Peter, [[bishop of Pavia]] and uncle of the Lombard king [[Liutprand, King of the Lombards|Liutprand]], to the church of [[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]] in Pavia, to save them from frequent coastal raids by [[Saracen]]s. In January 1327, [[Pope John XXII]] issued the papal bull ''Veneranda Santorum Patrum'', in which he appointed the Augustinians guardians of the tomb of Augustine (called ''Arca''), which was remade in 1362 and elaborately carved with bas-reliefs of scenes from Augustine's life, created by [[Giovanni di Balduccio]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girelli |first1=Francesca |title=L'Arca di Sant'Agostino: opera di Giovanni di Balduccio |journal=Bollettino d'Arte |date=2021 |volume=45 |pages=1–15 |url=https://www.lerma.it/download/2836/5e31a47f407a/pagine-da-9788891322654-fasc-45-x-web-1.pdf |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=it |issn=0394-4573}}</ref>
[[File:Arca di S. Agostino (1362), Pavia, S. Pietro in Ciel d'Oro 16.JPG|thumb|[[Giovanni di Balduccio]], Tomb of St Augustine, 1362–1365, [[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]], [[Pavia]]]]


In October 1695, some workmen in the Church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia discovered a marble box containing human bones (including part of a skull). A dispute arose between the Augustinian hermits (Order of Saint Augustine) and the regular canons ([[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]) as to whether these were the bones of Augustine. The hermits did not believe so; the canons affirmed they were. Eventually [[Pope Benedict XIII]] (1724–1730) directed the Bishop of Pavia, [[Monsignor]] Pertusati, to make a determination. The bishop declared that, in his opinion, the bones were those of Augustine.<ref>[http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=2213&iparentid=145 Augustine's tomb, Augnet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222172526/http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=2213&iparentid=145 |date=22 February 2014 }}. Augnet.org (22 April 2007). Retrieved on 17 June 2015.</ref>

The Augustinians were expelled from Pavia in 1785,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monasteri Imperiali Pavia |title=San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro |url=https://www.monasteriimperialipavia.it/san-pietro-in-ciel-doro/ |website=monasteriimperialipavia.it |publisher=University of Pavia |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref> Augustine's ark and relics were brought to [[Pavia Cathedral]] in 1799.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Regione Lombardia |title=Arca di S. Agostino |url=https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/opere-arte/schede/PV300-00010/ |website=lombardiabeniculturali.it |publisher=Regione Lombardia |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref> San Pietro fell into disrepair but was finally restored in the 1870s, under the urging of [[Agostino Gaetano Riboldi]], and reconsecrated in 1896 when the relics of Augustine and the shrine were once again reinstalled.{{sfn|Dale|2001|p=55}}{{sfn|Stone|2002|p=}}

In 1842, a portion of Augustine's right arm (cubitus) was secured from Pavia and returned to Annaba.{{sfn|Schnaubelt|Van Fleteren|1999|p=165}} It now rests in the [[Saint Augustin Basilica]] within a glass tube inserted into the arm of a life-size marble statue of the saint.