Editing Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (section)

===Hyperfocus===
An association between ADHD and hyperfocus, a state characterised by intense and narrow concentration on a specific stimulus, object or task for a prolonged period of time,<ref name="Chutko_et_al_2024">{{cite journal |last1=Chutko |first1=L. S. |last2=Surushkina |first2=S. Yu. |last3=Yakovenko |first3=E. A. |last4=Cherednichenko |first4=D. V. |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults |journal=Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology |date=June 2024 |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=644–649 |doi=10.1007/s11055-024-01643-5}}</ref> has been widely reported in the [[Popular science|popular science press]] and media.<ref name="Groen_et_al_2020" >{{cite journal |last1=Groen |first1=Yvonne |last2=Priegnitz |first2=Ulrike |last3=Fuermaier |first3=Anselm B. M. |last4=Tucha |first4=Lara |last5=Tucha |first5=Oliver |last6=Aschenbrenner |first6=Steffen |last7=Weisbrod |first7=Matthias |last8=Garcia Pimenta |first8=Miguel |title=Testing the relation between ADHD and hyperfocus experiences |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |date=1 December 2020 |volume=107 |issue=103789 |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103789 |doi-access = free |pmid=33126147 |issn=0891-4222}}</ref> The phenomenon generally occurs when an individual is engaged in activities they find highly interesting, or which provide instant gratification, such as video games or online chatting.<ref name="epa_consensus_2019" /> Hyperfocus is not a recognised symptom of ADHD in diagnostic manuals, but is frequently referred to as a symptom of ADHD in academic literature<ref name="Ashinoff_Abu_Akel_2019">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ashinoff BK, Abu-Akel A |date=February 2021 |title=Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention |journal=Psychological Research |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8 |pmc=7851038 |pmid=31541305}}</ref> and commonly reported in patients with ADHD in clinical practice.<ref name="Groen_et_al_2020" /> There is a lack of research into hyperfocus in ADHD.<ref name="Ashinoff_Abu_Akel_2019" /> Studies in 2016, 2019 and 2024 found that individuals with ADHD diagnoses or self-reported ADHD symptoms experience hyperfocus more often,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ozel-Kizil |first1=Erguvan Tugba |last2=Kokurcan |first2=Ahmet |last3=Aksoy |first3=Umut Mert |last4=Kanat |first4=Bilgen Bicer |last5=Sakarya |first5=Direnc |last6=Bastug |first6=Gulbahar |last7=Colak |first7=Burcin |last8=Altunoz |first8=Umut |last9=Kirici |first9=Sevinc |last10=Demirbas |first10=Hatice |last11=Oncu |first11=Bedriye |title=Hyperfocusing as a dimension of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |date=1 December 2016 |volume=59 |pages=351–358 |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2016.09.016|pmid=27681531 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hupfeld |first1=Kathleen E. |last2=Abagis |first2=Tessa R. |last3=Shah |first3=Priti |title=Living "in the zone": hyperfocus in adult ADHD |journal=ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders |date=June 2019 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=191–208 |doi=10.1007/s12402-018-0272-y|pmid=30267329 }}</ref> or more acutely.<ref name="Glassey_Smilek_2024">{{cite journal |last1=Ayers-Glassey |first1=Samantha |last2=Smilek |first2=Daniel |title=The relations between hyperfocus and similar attentional states, adult ADHD symptoms, and affective dysfunction |journal=Current Psychology |date=March 2024 |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=11254–11266 |doi=10.1007/s12144-023-05235-3}}</ref> A 2020 study did not find a higher frequency of hyperfocus in adults with ADHD, although it reported a positive correlation with self-reported ADHD traits. The discrepancy with other studies may reflect varying definitions and conceptions of hyperfocus.<ref name="Groen_et_al_2020"/>

A state of hyperfocus has been hypothesised as being beneficial, allowing individuals to focus on tasks for much longer than is typical.<ref name="Ashinoff_Abu_Akel_2019" /> Conversely, it can be difficult to disengage from and shift attention to other stimuli or tasks, leading to excessively prolonged attention.<ref name="Chutko_et_al_2024"/> It is related to risks such as internet addiction (see {{section link||Problematic digital media use}})<ref name="Ishii_et_al_2023" /> and to some types of offending behaviour.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Worthington R, Wheeler S |date=January 2023 |title=Hyperfocus and offending behaviour: a systematic review |journal=The Journal of Forensic Practice |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=185–200 |doi=10.1108/JFP-01-2022-0005 |issn=2050-8794 |s2cid=258330884 |url=https://clok.uclan.ac.uk/46646/1/Manuscript%20with%20author%20details%2012.01.21.pdf}}</ref> Recent research has linked hyperfocus to the psychological concepts of [[Flow (psychology)|flow]], an enjoyable experience of deep engagement in an activity, and [[perseveration]], difficulty disengaging or switching from an activity.<ref name="Glassey_Smilek_2024"/>