Editing Attack on Pearl Harbor (section)

===Submarines===
Fleet submarines {{Jsub|I-16||2}}, {{Jsub|I-18||2}}, {{Jsub|I-20||2}}, {{Jsub|I-22|1938|2}}, and {{Jsub|I-24|1939|2}} each embarked a [[Ko-hyoteki class submarine|Type A]] [[midget submarine]] for transport to the waters off Oahu.<ref name="Stewart1974p56">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=56}}</ref> The five I-boats left [[Kure Naval District]] on November 25, 1941.<ref name="Stewart1974p56"/> On December 6, they came to within {{cvt|10|nmi|km mi}} of the mouth of Pearl Harbor<ref>{{Harvnb|Goldstein|Dillon|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=q2pFnALHfykC&pg=PA146 146]}}</ref> and launched their midget subs at about 01:00 local time on December 7.<ref name="Stewart1974p57">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=57}}</ref> At 03:42 Hawaiian time, the [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]] {{USS|Condor|AMc-14|2}} spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer {{USS|Ward|DD-139|2}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1999|p=36}}</ref><ref name="Stewart1974p58">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=58}}</ref> The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor. However, ''Ward'' sank another midget submarine at 06:37<ref name="Stewart1974p58"/>{{refn|She was located by a [[University of Hawaiʻi]] research submersible on August 28, 2002, in {{cvt|400|m|ft}} of water, {{cvt|6|nmi|km}} outside the harbor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/midget.html |title=Japanese Midget Submarine |access-date=January 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212152317/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/midget.html |archive-date=December 12, 2012 }}</ref>|group=nb}} in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater. A midget submarine on the north side of [[Ford Island]] missed the [[seaplane tender]] {{USS|Curtiss|AV-4|2}} with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer {{USS|Monaghan|DD-354|2}} with her other one before being sunk by ''Monaghan'' at 08:43.<ref name="Stewart1974p58"/>

A third midget submarine, ''[[HA. 19 (Japanese Midget Submarine)|Ha-19]]'', grounded twice, once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu, where it was captured on December 8.<ref>{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|pp=59–61}}</ref> Ensign [[Kazuo Sakamaki]] swam ashore and was captured by [[Hawaii National Guard]] Corporal [[David Akui]], becoming the first Japanese [[prisoner of war]].{{refn|While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as ''Kyūgunshin'' ("The Nine War Heroes"), the news of Sakamaki's capture, which had been publicized in American news broadcasts, was kept secret. Even after the war, however, he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life.|group=nb}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Kazuo Sakamaki, 81, Pacific P.O.W. No. 1 |date=December 21, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911011213/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 11, 2020}}</ref> A fourth had been damaged by a [[depth charge]] attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes.<ref>{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|pp=61–62}}</ref> It was found outside the harbor in 1960. Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00:41 on December 8 claiming to have damaged one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor.<ref name="USSBSp19">{{harvnb|United States Strategic Bombing Survey|1946|p=19}}</ref>

In 1992, 2000, and 2001 [[Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory]]'s submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor. The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus American equipment had been dumped after the war, including vehicles and landing craft. Both of its torpedoes were missing. This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the [[light cruiser]] {{USS|St. Louis|CL-49|2}} at 10:04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor, and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer {{USS|Helm|DD-388|2}} at 08:21.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|pp=330–341}}</ref> There is dispute over this official chain of events though. The "torpedo" that ''St. Louis'' saw was also reportedly a porpoising minesweeping float being towed by the destroyer {{USS|Boggs|DD-136|2}}.<ref>Owen, RAdm USN, Thomas B. (1989). Memories of the War Years. Vol. I. Washington: Unpublished memoir.</ref> Some historians and naval architects theorise that a photo taken by a Japanese naval aviator of Battleship Row during the attack on Pearl Harbor that was declassified in the 1990s and publicized in the 2000s to the public,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okhistory.org/learn/ussok2|title=Pearl Harbor &#124; Oklahoma Historical Society|website=Oklahoma Historical Society &#124; OHS}}</ref> shows the fifth midget submarine firing a torpedo at ''West Virginia'' and another at ''Oklahoma''. These torpedoes were twice the size of the aerial torpedoes so it was possible that both torpedoes heavily contributed to the sinkings of both ships and especially helped to capsize ''Oklahoma'' as ''Oklahoma'' was the only battleship that day to suffer catastrophic damage to her [[belt armor]] at the waterline from a torpedo. Admiral Chester Nimitz, in a report to Congress, confirmed that one midget submarine's torpedo (possibly from the other midget submarine that fired torpedoes but failed to hit a target) which was fired but did not explode was recovered in Pearl Harbor and was much larger than the aerial torpedoes.<ref>[https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2004/december/pearl-harbor-midget-sub-picture Pearl Harbor: A Midget Sub in the Picture?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042049/https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2004/december/pearl-harbor-midget-sub-picture |date=March 23, 2023 }}, Retrieved 22 March 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCaTpn6F_Ik PBS Pearl Harbor USS Oklahoma The Final Story 2016 Documentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042048/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCaTpn6F_Ik |date=March 23, 2023 }} (Timestamp: 25:10). Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref>
<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag Pearl Harbor midget sub attack: Photographic Evidence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag |date=March 23, 2023 }}. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> Others dispute this theory.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zimm|2011|pp=350}}</ref>