Editing Arkhangelsk (section)

===Trade with England, Scotland, and the Netherlands===
Three English ships the ''[[Hugh Willoughby|Bona Esperanza]]'', ''[[Edward Bonaventure]]'', and ''Bona Confidentia'' set out to find the [[Northeast Passage|Northeast passage to China]] in 1553; two disappeared, and one, the ''Edward Bonaventure'' ended up in the White Sea at [[Nyonoksa]], eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of the Dvina River where the St. Nicolas Monastery stood. Subsequently, the English gave the name ''St. Nicolas Bay'' to the sea now known as the White Sea. [[Ivan the Terrible]] found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain, [[Richard Chancellor]].

Trade privileges were granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the [[Muscovy Company|Company of Merchant Adventurers]], which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ван Салинген |first=Симон (Van Salingen, Seemon) |url=https://www.kolamap.ru/library/1901_filippov.html |title=Сообщение о Земле Лопий: Русские в Лапландии в XVI веке. |trans-title=Message about Lapland: Russian in Lapland in the 16th century. |language=ru |work=kolamap.ru website |date=1591 |access-date=February 18, 2021 |quote=A Dutch letter about Russian interests in Lapland from 1562 to 1583. It includes Vardo's fortress Vardegus, the [[Pechenga Monastery]], Malmus (aka [[Kola, Russia]]), and the St. Nicolas Monastery near the mouth of the [[Northern Dvina|Dvina River]] at what is now Arkhangelsk. [[County of Flanders|Flemish]] pirates robbed the ''[[Edward Bonaventure]]'' in 1554 as ''Edward Bonaventure'' was returning from [[Nyonoksa]], Russia. |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115202913/https://www.kolamap.ru/library/1901_filippov.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[Scotland|Scottish]] and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}