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== Naming == [[File:Monkey puzzle tree at Salesforce Park.jpg|thumb|A monkey puzzle tree at Salesforce Park, San Francisco]] [[File:Noche_estrellada_sobre_una_araucaria.jpg|thumb|The silhouette of the araucaria is very recognizable and has become a symbol for the southern regions of Argentina and Chile. For example, araucarias appear on the coats of arms of [[Neuquén Province]] and [[Araucanía Region]].]] First identified by Europeans in Chile in the 1780s,<ref>The tree was first mentioned in 1780 by the Spaniard Francisco Dendariarena. See: * {{cite book |last1=Elwes |first1=Henry John |last2=Henry |first2=Augustine |title=The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1906 | volume=1 |publisher=(Privately printed) |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |pages=45–46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-MbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Carl |title=Pinetum danicum |journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society |date=1892 |volume=14 |pages=257–480 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22gXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA341}}, see p. 341. * {{cite book |last1=Lambert |first1=Aylmer Bourke |title=A Description of the Genus Pinus … |date=1832 |publisher=Weddell |location=London, England |volume=2 |pages=106–108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6}}</ref><ref>However, there are claims that the monkey puzzle tree was introduced to Europe after [[Dutch expedition to Valdivia|an expedition by the Dutch in 1642 from Brazil to Valdivia, Chile.]] See: * [https://www.devongardenstrust.org.uk/?q=node/54 Devon Gardens Trust] * {{cite book |last1=Diedenhofen |first1=Wilhelm |editor1-last=Hunt |editor1-first=John Dixon |title=The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century |date=1990 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=49–80 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oY-o3pwNlbEC&pg=PA69 |chapter="Belvedere," or the principle of seeing and looking in the gardens of Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen at Cleves|isbn=9780884021872 }}, see p. 69.</ref> it was named ''Pinus araucana'' by [[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]] in 1782.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Molina |first1=Giovanni Ignazio |title=Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili |url=https://archive.org/details/saggiosullastori01moli |trans-title=Essay on the natural history of Chile |date=1782 |publisher=S. Tomasso d'Aquino |location=Bologna, (Italy) |page=[https://archive.org/details/saggiosullastori01moli/page/355 355] |language=it, la}} Available at: [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=192 ''Real Jardín Botánico'' (Royal Botanical Garden), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108224904/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=192 |date=8 November 2016 }}</ref> In 1789, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|de Jussieu]] erected a new genus called ''Araucaria'' based on the species,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jussieu |first1=Antoine Laurent de |title=Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, … |trans-title=The genera of plants: arranged according to the natural orders, … |date=1789 |publisher=Herissant |location=Paris, France |pages=413–414 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/508/mode/1up |language=la}}</ref> and in 1797, [[José Antonio Pavón|Pavón]] published a new description of the species which he called ''Araucaria imbricata'' (an illegitimate name, as it did not use Molina's older species epithet).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pavón |first1=Joseph |title=Disertacion botanica sobre los generos Tovaria, Actinophyllum, Araucaria y Salmia, con la reunion de algunos que Linneo publicó como distintos |journal=Memorias de la Real Academia Médica de Madrid (Memoirs of the Royal Medical Academy of Madrid) |date=1797 |volume=1 |pages=191–204 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327719583;view=1up;seq=259 |trans-title=Botanical dissertation on the genera Tovaria, Actinophyllum, Araucaria and Salmia, with the recombining of some [genera] that Linnaeus had published as [being] distinct |language=es}} ; see p. 199.</ref> Finally, in 1873, after several further redescriptions, [[Karl Koch (botanist)|Koch]] published the combination ''Araucaria araucana'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koch |first1=Karl |title=Dendrologie. Bäume, Sträucher und Halbsträucher, welche in Mittel- und Nord-Europa im Freien kultivirt werden. |trans-title=Dendrology. Trees, shrubs, and subshrubs which are cultivated outdoors in Middle and Northern Europe. |date=1873 |publisher=Ferdinand Enke |location=Erlangen, Germany |volume= 2, part 2 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYWaYlxL5nMC&pg=PA206 |language=de}}</ref> validating Molina's species name. The name ''araucana'' is derived from the native [[Mapuche|Araucanians]] who used the nuts (seeds) of the tree in Chile – a group of Araucanians living in the Andes, the [[Pehuenche]]s, owe their name to their diet based on the harvesting of the ''A. araucaria'' seeds; hence from ''pewen'' or its Hispanicized spelling ''pehuen'' which means ''Araucaria'' and ''che'' means people in [[Mapudungun]]. They believe the pewen was given by a deity or ''gwenachen'' to nourish their offspring; many pewen gathering festivals (''ngillatun'') are celebrated in both Chile and Argentina in gratitude to the tree's sustenance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Canale |first1=Antonella |last2=Ladio |first2=Ana H. |title=La recolección de piñones de pewen (Araucaria araucana): Una situación significativa que conecta a niños mapuches con la naturaleza |language=es |trans-title=Harvesting pewen (Araucaria araucana, monkey puzzle tree) seeds: a significant situation that connects Mapuche children with nature |journal=Gaia Scientia |date=March 2020 |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.22478/ufpb.1981-1268.2020v14n1.47620 |page=14|hdl=11336/108775 |s2cid=226066386 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The origin of the popular English language name "monkey puzzle" lies in its early cultivation in [[Great Britain|Britain]] in about 1850, when the species was still very rare in gardens and not widely known. [[Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet|Sir William Molesworth]], the owner of a young specimen at [[Pencarrow (mansion)|Pencarrow]] garden near [[Bodmin]] in [[Cornwall]], was showing it to a group of friends, when one of them – the noted barrister and [[Benthamist]] [[Charles Austin (lawyer)|Charles Austin]] – remarked, "It would puzzle a monkey to climb that".<ref name="Financial Times">{{cite news | url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/2298f8dc-dfbf-11e2-9de6-00144feab7de.html#axzz3TPtSgOgB | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221228/https://www.ft.com/content/2298f8dc-dfbf-11e2-9de6-00144feab7de#axzz3TPtSgOgB | archive-date=10 December 2022 | url-access=subscription | url-status=live | title=Riddle of how the monkey puzzle tree came to be a UK favourite | work=[[Financial Times]] | author-link=Matthew Wilson (gardener) | date=5 July 2013 | access-date=14 May 2016 | author=Wilson, Matthew }}</ref> As the species had no existing popular name, first "monkey puzzler", then "monkey puzzle" stuck. Pencarrow in the current century has an avenue of mature Monkey Puzzles.<ref>{{Cite book| author= Alan Mitchell| author-link= Alan Mitchell (botanist)| title=Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain| publisher=[[HarperCollins|Collins]] | year=1996| isbn=978-0-00-219972-8}}</ref>
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