Editing Apollo 14 (section)

=== ALSEP and other lunar surface equipment ===
The [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package]] (ALSEP) array of scientific instruments carried by Apollo 14 consisted of the Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE), [[Active Seismic Experiment]] (ASE), [[Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment]] (SIDE), [[Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment|Cold Cathode Ion Gauge Experiment]] (CCIG), and [[Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment]] (CPLEE). Two additional lunar surface experiments not part of the ALSEP were also flown, the [[Laser Ranging Retroreflector]] (LRRR or LR3), to be deployed in the ALSEP's vicinity, and the Lunar Portable Magnetometer (LPM), to be used by the astronauts during their second EVA.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=27}} The PSE had been flown on Apollo 12 and 13, the ASE on Apollo 13, the SIDE on Apollo 12, the CCIG on Apollo 12 and 13, and the LRRR on Apollo 11. The LPM was new, but resembled equipment flown on Apollo 12.{{sfn|Mission Report|p=A-11}} The ALSEP components flown on Apollo 13 were destroyed when its LM burned up in Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 15, 1970|title=Moon-rock project lost; equipment will burn up|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/15/archives/moonrock-project-lost-equipment-will-burn-up.html|page=29}}</ref>
Deployment of the ALSEP, and of the other instruments, each formed one of Apollo 14's mission objectives.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=27}}

[[File:As14-67-09379 (25398963314).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|A close-up view of the Apollo 14 [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package|ALSEP]] Central Station deployed on the Moon]]
The PSE was a seismometer, similar to one left on the Moon by [[Apollo 12]], and was to measure seismic activity in the Moon. The Apollo 14 instrument would be calibrated by the impact, after being jettisoned, of the LM's ascent stage, since an object of known mass and velocity would be impacting at a known location on the Moon. The Apollo 12 instrument would also be activated by the spent Apollo 14 [[S-IVB]] booster, which would impact the Moon after the mission entered lunar orbit. The two seismometers would, in combination with those left by later Apollo missions, constitute a network of such instruments at different locations on the Moon.{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=27, 29, 31}}

The ASE would also measure seismic waves. It consisted of two parts. In the first, one of the crew members would deploy three [[geophone]]s at distances up to {{convert|310|ft}} from the ALSEP's Central Station, and on his way back from the furthest, fire thumpers every {{convert|15|ft}}. The second consisted of four [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s (with their launch tubes), of different properties and set to impact at different distances from the experiment. It was hoped that the waves generated from the impacts would provide data about seismic wave transmission in the Moon's regolith. The mortar shells were not to be fired until the astronauts had returned to Earth,{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=31, 33}} and in the event were never fired for fear they would damage other experiments. A similar experiment was successfully deployed, and the mortars launched, on [[Apollo 16]].<ref>{{cite news|date=February 12, 2018|last=Klemeti|first=Erik|title=That time Apollo Astronauts detonated explosives on the Moon|access-date=July 24, 2020|newspaper=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/that-time-apollo-astronauts-detonated-explosives-on-the-moon}}</ref>

The LPM was to be carried during the second EVA and used to measure the Moon's magnetic field at various points.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=36}}
The SIDE measured ions on the lunar surface, including from the [[solar wind]]. It was combined with the CCIG, which was to measure the [[lunar atmosphere]] and detect if it varied over time. The CPLEE measured the particle energies of protons and electrons generated by the Sun that reached the lunar surface.{{sfn|Press Kit|pp=34–35}} The LRRR acts as a passive target for laser beams, allowing the measurement of the Earth/Moon distance and how it changes over time.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=35}} The LRRRs from Apollo 11, 14 and 15 are the only experiments left on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts that are still returning data.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apollo 14 mission: Science experiments—Laser Ranging Retroreflector|publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]|access-date=August 3, 2020|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_14/experiments/lrr/index.shtml}}</ref>

Flown for the first time on Apollo 14 was the Buddy Secondary Life Support System (BSLSS), a set of flexible hoses that would enable Shepard and Mitchell to share cooling water should one of their [[Primary Life Support System]] (PLSS) backpacks fail. In such an emergency, the astronaut with the failed equipment would get oxygen from his [[Oxygen Purge System]] (OPS) backup cylinder, but the BSLSS would ensure he did not have to use oxygen for cooling, extending the life of the OPS.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=66}} The OPSs used on Apollo 14 were modified from those used on previous missions in that the internal heaters were removed as unnecessary.{{sfn|Mission Report|p=A-10}}

Water bags were also taken to the lunar surface, dubbed "Gunga Dins", for insertion in the astronauts' helmets, allowing them sips of water during the EVAs.{{sfn|Press Kit|p=66}} These had been flown on Apollo 13, but Shepard and Mitchell were the first to use them on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-DrinkFood.html|title=Water Gun, Helmet Feedport, In-Suit Drink Bag, and Food Stick|last1=Jones|first1=Eric M.|date=March 3, 2010|website=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> Similarly, Shepard was the first on the lunar surface to wear a spacesuit with commander's stripes: red stripes on arms, legs, and on the helmet, though one had been worn by Lovell on Apollo 13. These were instituted because of the difficulty in telling one spacesuited astronaut from the other in photographs.<ref name = "red stripe">{{cite web|title=Commander's stripes|website=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=July 29, 2020|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-CDRStripes.html|last=Jones|first=Eric M.|date=February 20, 2006}}</ref>