Editing Aphid (section)

=== Phylogeny ===

==== External ====

Aphids, adelgids, and [[phylloxera|phylloxerids]] are very closely related within the suborder Sternorrhyncha, the plant-sucking bugs. They are either placed in the insect superfamily Aphidoidea<ref>{{cite book |author1=Blackman, R. L. |author2=Eastrop, V. F. |year=1994 |title=Aphids on the World's Trees. An Identification and Information Guide |publisher=[[CAB International]] |location=[[Wallingford, Oxfordshire|Wallingford]] |isbn=978-0-85198-877-1}}</ref> or into the superfamily [[Phylloxeroidea]] which contains the family Adelgidae and the family Phylloxeridae.<ref name="Dixon" /> Like aphids, phylloxera feed on the roots, leaves, and shoots of grape plants, but unlike aphids, do not produce [[honeydew (secretion)|honeydew]] or [[cornicle]] secretions.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Granett, Jeffrey |author2=Walker, M. Andrew |author3=Kocsis, Laszlo |author4=Omer, Amir D. |year=2001 |title=Biology and management of grape phylloxera |journal= Annual Review of Entomology |volume=46 |pages=387–412 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.387|pmid=11112174 }}</ref> Phylloxera (''Daktulosphaira vitifoliae'') are insects which caused the [[Great French Wine Blight]] that devastated European [[viticulture]] in the 19th century. Similarly, adelgids or woolly conifer aphids, also feed on plant phloem and are sometimes described as aphids, but are more properly classified as aphid-like insects, because they have no cauda or cornicles.<ref name="McGavin">{{cite book |title=Bugs of the World |author=McGavin, George C. |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8160-2737-8 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]}}</ref>

The treatment of the groups especially concerning fossil groups varies greatly due to difficulties in resolving relationships. Most modern treatments include the three superfamilies, the Adelogidea, the Aphidoidea, and the Phylloxeroidea within the infraorder Aphidomorpha along with several fossil groups.<ref name="Favret Eades 2020">{{cite web |url=http://aphid.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1159014 |title=Aphid Species File - Aphidomorpha |last1=Favret |first1=C. |last2=Eades |first2=D.C. |date=2020 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=G.L. |editor2-last=Qiao |editor2-first=G. |editor3-last=Sano |editor3-first=Masakazu |editor4-last=Stekolshchikov |editor4-first=A.V. |department=Université de Montréal |website=aphid.speciesfile.org |publisher=Aphid Species File |location=Montreal, Canada |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122450/http://aphid.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1159014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Sternorrhyncha]]
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Psylloidea]] (jumping plant lice, etc) [[File:Psyllia_pyricola.png|125px]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Aleyrodoidea]] (whiteflies) [[File:Neomaskellia bergii from CSIRO.jpg|90px]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Coccoidea]] (scale insects) [[File:Ceroplastes_ceriferus_from_CSIRO.jpg|90px]]
         |label2=[[Aphidomorpha]]
         |2={{clade          
            |1={{clade
               |label1=[[Phylloxeroidea]]
               |1={{clade
                  |1=[[Phylloxeridae]] (phylloxerans) [[File:Daktulosphaira vitifoliae from CSIRO.jpg|60px]] 
                  |2=[[Adelgidae]] (woolly conifer aphids) [[File:Chermes pinifoliae.png|110px]]  
                  }}
               |label2='''Aphidoidea'''
               |2='''[[Aphididae]]''' (aphids) [[File:Aphid_icon.png|90px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

====Internal====
The phylogenetic tree, based on Papasotiropoulos 2013 and Kim 2011, with additions from Ortiz-Rivas and Martinez-Torres 2009, shows the internal [[phylogeny]] of the Aphididae.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Papasotiropoulos, Vassilis |author2=Tsiamis, Georgios |author3=Papaioannou, Charikleia |author4=Kilias, George |title=A molecular phylogenetic study of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis |journal=Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki |year=2013 |volume=20 |pages=1–13 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249007487 |access-date=2018-01-15 |archive-date=2018-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135143/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249007487 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kim2011">{{cite journal | last1=Kim | first1=Hyojoong | last2=Lee | first2=Seunghwan | last3=Jang | first3=Yikweon | editor-last=Moreau | editor-first=Corrie S. | title=Macroevolutionary Patterns in the Aphidini Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Diversification, Host Association, and Biogeographic Origins | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=6 | issue=9 | date=September 2011 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024749 | pmid=21935453 | page=e24749| bibcode=2011PLoSO...624749K | pmc=3174202 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Ortiz-Rivas Martínez-Torres 2010">{{cite journal | last1=Ortiz-Rivas | first1=Benjamín | last2=Martínez-Torres | first2=David | title=Combination of molecular data support the existence of three main lineages in the phylogeny of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the basal position of the subfamily Lachninae | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=55 | issue=1 | year=2010 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.005 | pmid=20004730 | pages=305–317| bibcode=2010MolPE..55..305O }}</ref>

It has been suggested that the phylogeny of the aphid groups might be revealed by examining the phylogeny of their bacterial [[endosymbiont]]s, especially the obligate endosymbiont ''[[Buchnera (bacterium)|Buchnera]]''. The results depend on the assumption that the symbionts are strictly [[Vertical transmission (symbiont)|transmitted vertically]] through the generations. This assumption is well supported by the evidence, and several phylogenetic relationships have been suggested on the basis of endosymbiont studies.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0517:CBBEBA]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=10937228 |year=2000 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=517–25 |title=Cospeciation Between Bacterial Endosymbionts (Buchnera) and a Recent Radiation of Aphids (Uroleucon) and Pitfalls of Testing for Phylogenetic Congruence |journal=Evolution |last1=Clark |first1=Marta A|last2=Moran |first2=Nancy A. |last3=Baumann |first3=Paul |last4=Wernegreen |first4=Jennifer J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.016 |pmid=23542003 |title=Reconstructing the phylogeny of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using DNA of the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=42–54 |year=2013 |last1=Nováková |first1=Eva |last2=Hypša |first2=Václav |last3=Klein |first3=Joanne |last4=Foottit |first4=Robert G |last5=von Dohlen |first5=Carol D. |last6=Moran |first6=Nancy A. |bibcode=2013MolPE..68...42N |url=http://www.canacoll.org/Hemip/Staff/Foottit/PDFs/Novakova_et_al_2013/Novakova_et_al_2013.pdf |access-date=2018-04-27 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810051059/http://www.canacoll.org/Hemip/Staff/Foottit/PDFs/Novakova_et_al_2013/Novakova_et_al_2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-10761-9 |pmid=28860659 |pmc=5579299 |title=Insect-bacteria parallel evolution in multiple-co-obligate-aphid association: A case in Lachninae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=10204 |year=2017 |last1=Chen |first1=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Zhe |last3=Chen |first3=Jing |last4=Jiang |first4=Li-Yun |last5=Qiao |first5=Ge-Xia|bibcode=2017NatSR...710204C }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1='''Aphididae'''
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Lachninae]] [[File:Schizolachnus sp 20120528.JPG|100px]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Hormaphidinae]] [[File:Witch Hazel Cone Gall Aphid - Flickr - treegrow (2).jpg|80px]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Calaphidinae]] [[File:Calaphis.flava.-.lindsey.jpg|100px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Chaitophorinae]] [[File:Periphyllus sp. aphids on sycamore (cropped).jpg|80px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Eriosomatinae]] (woolly aphids) [[File:Eriosoma ulmi (European Elm Leafcurl Aphid).jpg|80px]]
               |2=[[Anoeciinae]] [[File:Anoecia corni1.jpg|80px]]
               }}
            |3={{clade
               |1=''[[Capitophorus]]'', ''[[Pterocomma]]''
               |label2=[[Aphidinae]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Macrosiphini]] [[File:Macrosiphum rosae (alate i.e. winged form) on a rose bud.jpg|70px]]
                  |label2=[[Aphidini]]
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Rhopalosiphina]] [[File:Snodgrass Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae (wings closed).jpg|100px]]
                     |2=[[Aphidina]] (''[[Aphis]]'' spp) [[File:Aphids May 2010-3.jpg|60px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }} 
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

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