Editing Anne Boleyn (section)

== Queen of England: 1533–1536 ==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Anne Boleyn.svg|thumb|upright=0.75|Anne Boleyn's coat of arms as queen consort<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boutell|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Boutell|title=A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular|year=1863|publisher=Winsor & Newton|location=London|pages=242–243|url=https://archive.org/stream/amanualheraldry00boutgoog#page/n346/mode/2up|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>]]
[[File:John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|''Bishop [[John Fisher]]'', by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]]. Fisher refused to recognise Henry's marriage to Anne.]]

Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen and Anne was consequently [[Coronation of Anne Boleyn|crowned]] [[List of English royal consorts|queen consort]] on 1{{nbsp}}June 1533 in a magnificent ceremony at [[Westminster Abbey]] with a banquet afterwards.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1992|p=195}}.</ref> She was the last queen consort of England to be crowned separately from her husband.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strong |first1=Roy |author1-link=Roy Strong |title=Coronation: a history of kingship and the British monarchy |date=2005 |publisher=HarperCollinsPublishers |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-716054-9 |page=xxix}}</ref> Unlike any other queen consort, Anne was crowned with [[St Edward's Crown]], which had previously been used to crown only monarchs.<ref>{{harvnb|Ives|2004|p=179}}.</ref> Historian Alice Hunt suggests that this was done because Anne's pregnancy was visible by then and the child was presumed to be male.<ref name=Hunt>Alice Hunt, ''The Drama of Coronation: Medieval Ceremony in Early Modern England'', Cambridge University Press, 2008.</ref> On the previous day, Anne had taken part in an [[Royal entry|elaborate procession]] through the streets of London seated in a [[litter (vehicle)|litter]] of "white cloth of gold" that rested on two [[palfrey]]s clothed to the ground in white damask, while the barons of the [[Cinque Ports]] held a canopy of cloth of gold over her head. In accordance with tradition, she wore white, and on her head, a gold coronet beneath which her long dark hair hung down freely.<ref>{{harvnb|Ives|2004|p=177}}; {{harvnb|Starkey|2003|pp=489–500}}.</ref> The public's response to her appearance was lukewarm.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1992|pp=191–194}}.</ref>

Meanwhile, the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of ''[[praemunire]]'' against all who introduced papal bulls into England, by introducing the [[Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532]] ([[24 Hen. 8]] c. 12).<ref>1533: [[24 Hen. 8]] c. 12: ''An Act that the appeals in such cases as have been used to be pursued to the see of Rome shall not be from henceforth had nor used but within this realm''.</ref> It was only then that Pope Clement, at last, took the step of announcing a provisional [[excommunication]] of Henry and Cranmer. He condemned the marriage to Anne, and in March 1534 declared the marriage to Catherine legal and again ordered Henry to return to her.<ref>{{harvnb|Scarisbrick|1972|pp=414–418}}; {{harvnb|Haigh|1993|pp=117–118}}.</ref> Henry now required his subjects to swear an [[Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession|oath]] attached to the [[First Succession Act]], which effectively rejected papal authority in legal matters and recognised Anne Boleyn as queen. Those who refused, such as Sir [[Thomas More]], who had resigned as [[Lord Chancellor]], and [[John Fisher]], Bishop of Rochester, were placed in the [[Tower of London]]. In late 1534 parliament declared Henry "the only supreme head on earth of the [[Church of England]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Haigh|1993|pp=118–120}}.</ref> The Church in England was now under Henry's control, not Rome's. On 14 May 1534, in one of the realm's first official acts protecting [[Protestant Reformers]], Anne wrote a letter to [[Thomas Cromwell]] seeking his aid in ensuring that English merchant Richard Herman be reinstated a member of the [[Merchant Adventurers of London|merchant adventurers]] in [[Antwerp]] and no longer persecuted simply because he had helped in "setting forth of the New testament in English".<ref>Robert Demaus. William Tyndale, a Biography. Religious Tract Society. London. 1904 p. 456.</ref> Before and after her coronation, Anne protected and promoted [[Protestantism#Evangelical|evangelicals]] and those wishing to study the scriptures of [[William Tyndale]].<ref>Brian Moynahan. William Tyndale. Abacus, London 2002 p. 293.</ref> She had a decisive role in influencing the Protestant reformer [[Matthew Parker]] to attend court as her chaplain, and before her death entrusted her daughter to Parker's care.<ref>Brian Moynahan. William Tyndale. Abacus, London 2002 pp. 294–295.</ref>

=== Struggle for a son ===
After her coronation, Anne settled into a quiet routine at the King's favourite residence, [[Greenwich Palace]], to prepare for the birth of her baby. The child was a girl, born slightly prematurely on 7{{nbsp}}September 1533.<ref>{{harvnb|Ives|2004|p=170}}</ref> She was christened Elizabeth, probably in honour of either Anne's mother [[Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire|Elizabeth Howard]] or Henry's mother [[Elizabeth of York]], or both.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1971|pp=128–131}}.</ref> The birth of a girl was a heavy blow to her parents, who had confidently expected a boy. All but one of the royal physicians and astrologers had predicted a son and the French king had been asked to stand as his godfather. Now the prepared letters announcing the birth of a ''prince'' had an ''s'' hastily added to them to read ''princes[s]'' and the traditional jousting tournament for the birth of an heir was cancelled.<ref>{{harvnb|Starkey|2003|p=508}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol6/pp449-466 |title=1112. Letter from Chapuys to Emperor Charles V, dated 10 Sept. 1533 |series='''Henry VIII: September 1533, 1–10''': pp. 449–466 in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 6, 1533, (HMSO, London, 1882). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526055127/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol6/pp449-466 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live |quote=[On] Sunday last, the eve of Our Lady (7 Sept.), about 3 p.m., the king's mistress (''amie'') was delivered of a daughter, to the great regret both of him and the lady, and to the great reproach of the physicians, astrologers, sorcerers, and sorceresses, who affirmed that it would be a male child. |website=[[British History Online]]}}</ref>
[[File:The Palace of Placentia.jpg|thumb|left|Greenwich Palace, also known as the [[Palace of Placentia]], after a 17th-century drawing]]

The infant princess was given a splendid christening, but Anne feared that Catherine's daughter [[Mary I of England|Mary]], now stripped of her title of princess and labelled a [[Bastard (law of England and Wales)|bastard]], posed a threat to Elizabeth's position. Henry soothed his wife's fears by separating Mary from her many servants and sending her to live at [[Hatfield House]], where Elizabeth would also reside with her own sizeable staff of servants as the country air was thought better for the baby's health.<ref>{{harvnb|Starkey|2003|p=512}}.</ref> Anne frequently visited her daughter at Hatfield and other residences.<ref>{{harvnb|Somerset|1997|pp=5–6}}.</ref>

The new queen had a larger staff of servants than Catherine. There were more than 250 servants to tend to her personal needs, from priests to stable boys, and more than 60 maids-of-honour who served her and accompanied her to social events.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} She also employed several priests to act as her [[Confession (religion)|confessors]], chaplains and religious advisers. One of these was [[Matthew Parker]], who became one of the chief architects of [[Anglican]] thought during the reign of Anne's daughter, [[Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/actions/page.do?forward=about_parker |title=About Matthew Parker & The Parker Library |website=ParkerWeb.Stanford.edu |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910000309/https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/actions/page.do?forward=about_parker |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Strife with the king ===
[[File:Henry's reconciliation with Anne Boleyn cph.3g08965.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Henry's reconciliation with Anne Boleyn, by [[George Cruikshank]], 19th century]]

The King and his new queen enjoyed a reasonably happy accord with periods of calm and affection. Anne's sharp intelligence, political acumen and forward manner, although desirable in a mistress, were at the time unacceptable in a wife. She was once reported to have spoken to her uncle in words that "shouldn't be used to a dog".<ref name="Fraser">{{harvnb|Fraser|1992}}</ref> After miscarriage or stillbirth in summer 1534,<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|2007|p=104}}</ref> Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the possibility of divorcing her without having to return to Catherine.<ref name=will138>{{harvnb|Williams|1971|p=138}}.</ref> Nothing came of the matter as the royal couple reconciled and spent the summer of 1535 on [[Tudor Royal Progresses|progress]], [[Royal Entry|visiting]] [[Gloucester]] and hunting in the local countryside.<ref>''Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report, Appendix 9: Gloucester'' (London, 1891), p. 444.</ref> By October, she was again pregnant.

Anne presided over a court within the royal household. She spent lavish amounts of money on gowns, jewels, head-dresses, ostrich-feather fans, riding equipment, furniture and upholstery, maintaining the ostentatious display required by her status. Numerous palaces were renovated to suit the extravagant tastes she and Henry shared.<ref>{{harvnb|Ives|2004|pp=231–260}}.</ref> Her motto was "The most happy", and she chose a white falcon as her [[Heraldic badge|personal device]].

Anne was blamed for Henry's tyranny and called by some of her subjects "the king's whore" or a "naughty paike [prostitute]".<ref>Farquhar, Michael (2001). ''A Treasure of Royal Scandals'', p. 67. Penguin Books, New York. {{ISBN|0-7394-2025-9}}.</ref> Public opinion turned further against her after the marriage produced no male heir. It sank even lower after the executions of her enemies [[Thomas More|More]] and [[John Fisher|Fisher]].<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1971|pp=137–138}}.</ref>