Editing Animal welfare (section)

===Wild animal welfare===
{{See also|Wild animal suffering}}
In addition to cetaceans, the welfare of other wild animals has also been studied, though to a lesser extent than that of animals in farms. Research in wild animal welfare has two focuses: the welfare of wild animals kept in captivity and the welfare of animals living in the wild. The former has addressed the situation of animals kept both for human use, as in [[zoo]]s or [[circus]]es, or in rehabilitation centers.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Whitham | first1 = Jessica C. | last2 = Wielebnowski | first2 = Nadja | year = 2013 | title = New directions for zoo animal welfare science | journal = Applied Animal Behaviour Science | volume = 147 | issue = 3–4| pages = 247–260 | doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2013.02.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iossa | first1 = Graziella | last2 = Soulsbury | first2 = C. D. | last3 = Harris | first3 = Stephen | year = 2009 | title = Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life? | journal = Animal Welfare | volume = 18 | issue = 2| pages = 129–140 | doi = 10.1017/S0962728600000270 | s2cid = 32259865 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kirkwood | first1 = James K. | last2 = Sainsbury | first2 = Anthony W. | year = 1996 | title = Ethics of interventions for the welfare of free-living wild animals | url = http://www.stafforini.com/docs/Kirkwood%20%26%20Sainsbury%20-%20Ethics%20of%20interventions%20for%20the%20welfare%20of%20free-living%20animals.pdf | journal = Animal Welfare | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 235–244 | doi = 10.1017/S0962728600018820 | s2cid = 197675072 | access-date = 13 June 2019 | archive-date = 26 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726043028/http://www.stafforini.com/docs/Kirkwood%20%26%20Sainsbury%20-%20Ethics%20of%20interventions%20for%20the%20welfare%20of%20free-living%20animals.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The latter has examined how the welfare of non-domesticated animals living in wild or urban areas are affected by humans or natural factors causing [[wild animal suffering]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kirkwood | first1 = James K | year = 2013 | title = Wild animal welfare | journal = Animal Welfare | volume = 22 | pages = 147–48 | doi=10.7120/09627286.22.1.147}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dorado | first1 = Daniel | year = 2015 | title = Ethical interventions in the wild. An annotated bibliography | url = https://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Relations/article/view/887/724 | journal = Relations: Beyond Anthropocentrism | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–238 | doi = 10.7358/rela-2015-002-dora | doi-access = free | access-date = 13 June 2019 | archive-date = 16 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190516171613/https://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Relations/article/view/887/724 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.7589/52.2S.S4|pmid = 26845298|title = Advances in Animal Welfare for Free-Living Animals|journal = Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume = 52|issue = 2s|pages = S4–S13|year = 2016 | last1 = Welfare Supplement | first1 = Editorial Board JWD Wildlife|s2cid = 42993476}}</ref>

Some of the proponents of these views have advocated carrying out conservation efforts in ways that respect the welfare of wild animals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beausoleil |first1=Ngaio J. |last2=Mellor |first2=David J. |last3=Baker |first3=Liv |last4=Baker |first4=Sandra E. |last5=Bellio |first5=Mariagrazia |last6=Clarke |first6=Alison S. |last7=Dale |first7=Arnja |last8=Garlick |first8=Steve |last9=Jones |first9=Bidda |last10=Harvey |first10=Andrea |last11=Pitcher |first11=Benjamin J. |last12=Sherwen |first12=Sally |last13=Stockin |first13=Karen A. |last14=Zito |first14=Sarah |author1-link=Ngaio Beausoleil|display-authors=3 |editor1-last=Berg |editor1-first=Charlotte L. |title='Feelings and Fitness' Not 'Feelings or Fitness'–The Raison d'être of Conservation Welfare, Which Aligns Conservation and Animal Welfare Objectives |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |date=27 November 2018 |volume=5 |page=296 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2018.00296|doi-access=free |pmid=30538995 |pmc=6277474}}</ref> within the framework of the disciplines of [[compassionate conservation]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo14398472.html|title=Ignoring Nature No More: The Case For Compassionate Conservation|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-226-92535-6|editor-last=Bekoff|editor-first=Marc|location=Chicago|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726043002/https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo14398472.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[conservation welfare]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beausoleil|first=Ngaio J.|date=6 February 2020|title=I Am a Compassionate Conservation Welfare Scientist: Considering the Theoretical and Practical Differences Between Compassionate Conservation and Conservation Welfare|journal=Animals|volume=10|issue=2|page=257|doi=10.3390/ani10020257|issn=2076-2615|pmc=7070475|pmid=32041150|doi-access=free}}</ref> while others have argued in favor of improving the welfare of wild animals for the sake of the animals, regardless of whether there are any conservation issues involved at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tomasik | first1 = B | year = 2015 | title = The importance of wild animal suffering | url = http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Relations/article/view/880 | journal = Relations: Beyond Anthropocentrism | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–152 | doi = 10.7358/rela-2015-002-toma | doi-access = free | access-date = 17 January 2020 | archive-date = 16 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190516173836/https://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Relations/article/view/880 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Horta | first1 = Oscar | year = 2018 | title = Concern for wild animal suffering and environmental ethics: What are the limits of the disagreement? | url = https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ateliers/2018-v13-n1-ateliers04192/1055119ar.pdf | journal = Les Ateliers de l'Éthique | volume = 13 | pages = 85–100 | doi = 10.7202/1055119ar | doi-access = free | access-date = 14 August 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190421165644/https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ateliers/2018-v13-n1-ateliers04192/1055119ar.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soryl |first1=Asher A. |last2=Moore |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Seddon |first3=Philip J. |last4=King |first4=Mike R. |date=2021-03-15 |title=The Case for Welfare Biology |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10806-021-09855-2 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=7 |doi=10.1007/s10806-021-09855-2 |bibcode=2021JAEE...34....7S |issn=1573-322X}}</ref> The welfare economist [[Yew-Kwang Ng]], in his 1995 "Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering", proposed [[welfare biology]] as a research field to study "living things and their environment with respect to their welfare (defined as net happiness, or enjoyment minus suffering)."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ng|first=Yew-Kwang|date=1 July 1995|title=Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering|url=http://www.stafforini.com/library/ng-1995.pdf|journal=Biology and Philosophy|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=255–285|doi=10.1007/BF00852469|s2cid=59407458|issn=1572-8404|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033620/http://www.stafforini.com/library/ng-1995.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>