Editing Andrew II of Hungary (section)

==="New institutions" and campaigns in Halych (1205–1217)===
{{Main article|War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)}}
[[File:Andrew II of Hungary.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A crowned man holding a flag in his left hand|Andrew II depicted in ''[[Chronicon Pictum|Illuminated Chronicle]]'']]
[[File:Thuróczy krónika - II. András király.jpg|alt=Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, King Andrew II of Hungary, throne, crown, orb, scepter, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history|thumb|Andrew II depicted in ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]'']]
[[John, Archbishop of Esztergom|John, Archbishop of Kalocsa]], crowned Andrew king in [[Székesfehérvár]] on 29 May 1205.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=31}} Andrew introduced a new policy for royal grants, which he called "new institutions" in one of his charters.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=91}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=427}} He distributed large portions of the royal domain{{mdash}}royal castles and all estates attached to them{{mdash}}as inheritable grants to his supporters, declaring that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable."{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=427}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=91–92}} His "new institutions" altered the relations between the monarchs and the Hungarian lords. During the previous two centuries, a lord's status primarily depended on the income he received for his services to the monarch; after the introduction of the "new institutions", their inheritable estates yielded sufficient revenues.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=75}} This policy also diminished the funds upon which the authority of the ''[[ispán]]s'', or heads, of the [[County (Kingdom of Hungary)|counties]]{{mdash}}who were appointed by the monarchs{{mdash}}had been based.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=93}}

During his reign, Andrew was intensely interested in the internal affairs of his former principality of Halych.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=89}} He launched his first campaign to recapture Halych in 1205 or 1206.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=89}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=251–253}} Upon the boyars' request, he intervened against [[Vsevolod Svyatoslavich]], [[Prince of Chernigov]], and his allies on behalf of [[Daniel Romanovich]], the child-prince of Halych, and [[Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia|Lodomeria]]. Svyatoslavich and his allies were forced to withdraw.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=253–254}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}} Andrew adopted the title of "King of Galicia and Lodomeria", demonstrating his claim to suzerainty in the two principalities.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=441}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=317}} 
After Andrew returned to Hungary, Vsevolod Svyatoslavich's distant cousin, [[Vladimir Igorevich]], seized both Halych and Lodomeria, expelling Daniel Romanovich and his mother.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=254–255, 258}} They fled to [[Leszek I of Poland]], who suggested that they visit Andrew.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=263}} However, Vladimir Igorevich "sent many gifts" to both Andrew and Leszek, dissuading "them from attacking him"<ref>''The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle'' (year 1207), p. 19.</ref> on behalf of Romanovich, according to the ''[[Galician–Volhynian Chronicle]]''.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=127}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=263}} Vladimir Igorevich's rebellious brother, [[Roman Igorevich]], soon came to Hungary, seeking Andrew's assistance.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=263}} Roman returned to Halych and expelled Vladimir Igorevich with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=263}}

Andrew confirmed the liberties of two Dalmatian towns{{mdash}}[[Split, Croatia|Split]] and [[Omiš]]{{mdash}}and issued a new charter listing the privileges of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska|archbishops of Split]] in 1207.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=136}} Taking advantage of a conflict between Roman Igorevich and his boyars, Andrew sent troops to Halych under the command of [[Benedict, son of Korlát]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}} Benedict captured Roman Igorevich and occupied the principality in 1208 or 1209.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|pp=263–264}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}} Instead of appointing a new prince, Andrew made Benedict governor of Halych.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=264}} Benedict "tortured boyars and was addicted to lechery",<ref>''The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle'' (year 1210), p. 20.</ref> according to the ''Galician–Volhynian Chronicle''. The boyars offered the throne to [[Mstislav Mstislavich]], [[Prince of Novgorod]], if he could overthrow Benedict.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}} Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych, but he could not defeat Benedict.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}}

[[File:Andreas Getrude Ungarn.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A queen reading a book and a bearded king holding a sceptre|[[Gertrude of Merania]] and Andrew depicted in the 13th-century ''{{ill|Landgrafenpsalter|de}}'' from the [[Landgraviate of Thuringia]]]]

Queen Gertrude's two brothers, [[Ekbert of Bamberg]], [[Bishop of Bamberg]], and Henry II, Margrave of Istria, fled to Hungary in 1208 after they were accused of participating in the murder of [[Philip of Swabia|Philip]], [[King of the Germans]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=128}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=233}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=90–91}} Andrew granted large domains to Bishop Ekbert in the [[Szepesség]] region (now [[Spiš]], Slovakia).{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=233}} Gertrude's youngest brother, [[Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia)|Berthold]], had been [[Archbishop of Kalocsa]] since 1206; he was made [[Ban of Croatia]] and [[Ban of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]] in 1209.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=428}} Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords.{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=88}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=232–234}} According to historian Gyula Kristó, the [[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|anonymous author]] of ''[[The Deeds of the Hungarians]]'' referred to the Germans from the [[Holy Roman Empire]] when he sarcastically mentioned that "{{nobr|now ...}} the Romans graze on the goods of Hungary."<ref>''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 9), p. 27.</ref>{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=234}} In 1209, [[Zadar]], which [[Siege of Zadar|had been lost to the Venetians]], was liberated by one of Andrew's Dalmatian vassals, [[Domald of Sidraga]], but the Venetians recaptured the town a year later.{{sfn|Magaš|2007|p=58}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=149}}

Roman Igorevich reconciled with his brother, Vladimir Igorevich, in early 1209 or 1210.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=129}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=266}} Their united forces vanquished Benedict's army, expelling the Hungarians from Halych.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=129}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=266}} Vladimir Igorevich sent one of his sons, Vsevolod Vladimirovich, "bearing gifts to the king in Hungary"<ref>''The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle'' (year 1211), p. 20.</ref> to appease Andrew, according to the ''Galician–Volhynian Chronicle''.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=266}} A group of discontented Hungarian lords offered the crown to Andrew's cousins, the sons of Andrew's uncle, [[Géza, son of Géza II of Hungary|Géza]]; they lived in "Greek land" (the [[Byzantine Empire]]). However, the cousins' envoys were captured in Split in 1210.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=129}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=236}} In the early 1210s, Andrew sent "an army of [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxons]], [[Vlachs]], [[Székelys]] and [[Pechenegs]]" commanded by [[Joachim Türje|Joachim]], [[Count of Hermannstadt]], (now [[Sibiu]], Romania) to assist [[Boril of Bulgaria]]'s fight against three rebellious [[Cuman]] chieftains.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=385}}{{sfn|Spinei|2009|p=145}} Around the same time, Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade and [[Braničevo (Golubac)|Barancs]] (now Braničevo, Serbia), which had been lost to Bulgaria under Emeric.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=102}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} Andrew's army defeated the Cumans at [[Vidin]].{{sfn|Spinei|2009|pp=145–146}} Andrew granted the [[Barcaság]] (now [[Țara Bârsei]], Romania) to the [[Teutonic Knights]].{{sfn|Kroonen|Langbroek|Quak|Roeleveld|2014|p=243}} The Knights were to defend the easternmost regions of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cumans and encourage their conversion to Catholicism.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=90}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=404}}

A group of boyars, who were alarmed by the despotic acts of Vladimir Igorevich, asked Andrew to restore Daniel Romanovich as ruler of Halych in 1210 or 1211.{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=266}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} Andrew and his allies{{mdash}}Leszek I of Poland and at least five Rus' princes{{mdash}}sent their armies to Halych and restored Daniel Romanovich.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}}{{sfn|Dimnik|2003|p=272}} Local boyars expelled Daniel Romanovich's mother in 1212.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} She persuaded Andrew to personally lead his army to Halych.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} He captured Volodislav Kormilchich, the most influential boyar, and took him to Hungary.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} After Andrew withdrew from Halych, the boyars again offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, who expelled Daniel Romanovich and his mother from the principality.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} Andrew departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}} During his absence, Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude's favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in the [[Pilis Hills]] on 28 September.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=91}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=130}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=429}} When he heard of her murder, Andrew returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of the murderer, [[Peter, son of Töre]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=91}} However, Peter's accomplices, including [[Palatine of Hungary|Palatine]] [[Bánk Bár-Kalán]], did not receive severe punishments.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=91}}{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=429}} A group of Hungarian lords, whom Andrew called "perverts" in one of his letters, was plotting to dethrone Andrew and crown his eldest son, the eight-year-old [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla]], but they failed to dethrone him and could only force Andrew to consent to Béla's coronation in 1214.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=94}}{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=89}}

Andrew and Leszek of Poland signed a treaty of alliance, which obliged Andrew's second son, [[Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria|Coloman]], to marry Leszek of Poland's daughter, [[Salomea of Poland|Salomea]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} Andrew and Leszek jointly invaded Halych in 1214, and Coloman was made prince. He agreed to cede [[Przemyśl]] to Leszek of Poland.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=236}} The following year, Andrew returned to Halych and captured [[Przemyśl]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} Leszek of Poland soon reconciled with Mstislav Mstislavich; they jointly invaded Halych and forced Coloman to flee to Hungary.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} A new officer of state, the [[master of the treasury|treasurer]], was responsible for the administration of the royal chamber from around 1214 onwards.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=92}} However, royal revenues had significantly diminished.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=427}} Upon the advice of the treasurer, [[Denis, son of Ampud]], Andrew imposed new taxes and [[Farm (revenue leasing)|farmed out royal income]] from minting, salt trade and custom duties.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|pp=427–428}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=131}} The yearly exchange of coins also produced more revenue for the royal chamber.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=428}} However, these measures provoked discontent in Hungary.{{sfn|Berend|Urbańczyk|Wiszewski|2013|p=428}}

Andrew signed a new treaty of alliance with Leszek of Poland in the summer of 1216.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=132}} Leszek and Andrew's son, Coloman, invaded Halych and expelled Mstislav Mstislavich and Daniel Romanovich, after which Coloman was restored.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=132}} That same year, Andrew met [[Stephen Nemanjić]], [[Grand Prince of Serbia]], in [[Ćuprija|Ravno]] (now [[Ćuprija]], Serbia).{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=143}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=105–106}} He persuaded Stephen Nemanjić to negotiate with [[Henry of Flanders|Henry]], [[Latin Emperor of Constantinople]], who was the uncle of Andrew's second wife, [[Yolanda de Courtenay]].{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=143}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=105–106}} Stephen Nemanjić was crowned king of Serbia in 1217.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=108}} Andrew planned to invade Serbia, but Stephen Nemanjić's brother, [[Saint Sava|Sava]], dissuaded him, according to both versions of the ''Life of Sava''.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=143}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=108}}