Editing Ancient university (section)

==Later universities==
{{main|List of UK universities by date of foundation}}
Following the creation of the ancient universities, no more universities were created in Britain and Ireland until the 19th century except three defunct universities in England (Northampton, Stamford and Durham), which were quickly shut down after opening due to strong opposition-lobbying efforts by Oxford and Cambridge.

Which of the 19th-century institutions should be considered the earliest post-ancient university is [[Third oldest university in England debate|a matter of debate]]. The main university-level foundations up to the mid 19th century were:

*[[Durham College (17th century)|Durham College]] (1657–1660) founded under [[Oliver Cromwell]], for which a charter as a university was drawn up under [[Richard Cromwell]] but never sealed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/history/university/college|title=Plans for a College in Durham|work=Durham World Heritage Site|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
*[[University of Wales Lampeter|St David's College, Lampeter]] by the [[Bishop of St David's]] in 1822 (royal charter 1828) (now part of [[University of Wales Trinity Saint David]])
*[[University College London]] as a [[joint stock company]] in 1826 under the name "London University" (royal charter as University College, London 1836)
*[[King's College London]] by royal charter in 1829
*[[Durham University]] by [[act of parliament]] in 1832 (royal charter 1837)
*[[University of London]] by royal charter in 1836
*[[Queen's College, Birmingham]] (now [[The Queen's Foundation]]) by royal charter in 1843
*Queen's College Belfast (now, [[Queen's University Belfast]]), Queen's College Cork (now [[University College Cork]]) and Queen's College Galway (now [[University of Galway]]) by royal charters in 1845
*[[Bedford College, London|Bedford College]], London founded by [[Elizabeth Jesser Reid]] in 1849 and the first institution of higher learning for women in the British Isles; now part of [[Royal Holloway, University of London]]
*[[Queen's University of Ireland]] by royal charter in 1850, with the above Queen's Colleges as constituent institutions (dissolved 1882; replaced by the [[Royal University of Ireland]], which was in turn replaced by the [[National University of Ireland]] and [[Queen's University Belfast]])
*[[Catholic University of Ireland]] in 1851 (royal charter as [[University College Dublin]] 1908)
*Owens College Manchester in 1851, now the [[University of Manchester]] (via the [[Victoria University of Manchester]])

Only Durham, London and the Queen's University of Ireland were recognised as universities at the time of their foundation, granting their first degrees in 1837, 1839 and 1851 respectively. Durham was a collegiate university, London was an examining board, and the Queen's University was a federal university. The other institutions, while teaching at university level, were colleges, some becoming universities later. In addition, many other universities trace their roots to institutions founded in this period, including the [[University of Strathclyde]] to the Andersonian Institute (1796), [[Heriot-Watt University]] to the School of Arts of Edinburgh (1821), [[Birkbeck, University of London]] to the London Mechanics' Institute (1823), the [[University of Manchester]] (via [[UMIST]]) to the [[Manchester Mechanics' Institute]] (1824) and (via Owen's College) to the [[Manchester Royal School of Medicine]] (also 1824), the [[University of Chester]] to Chester Diocesan Training College (1839), [[Plymouth Marjon University]] to St John's College, Battersea (1840) and St Mark's College, Chelsea (1841), the [[University of Winchester]] to Winchester Diocesan Training School (1840), the [[University of Roehampton]] to [[Whitelands College]] (1841), [[York St John University]] to York Diocesan College (1841) and the York Diocesan Institution for Female Teachers (1846), and [[St Mary's University, Twickenham]] to St Mary's College (1850). Many medical schools also date from the 18th century or earlier, including [[St Thomas's Hospital Medical School]]  (now part of [[King's College London]]) between 1693 and 1709,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kingscollections.org/catalogues/kclca/collection/s/10sa70-1/|title=ST THOMAS'S HOSPITAL: Medical school records|work=King's College London College Archives}}</ref> [[St George's, University of London]] in 1733, [[UCL Medical School|Middlesex Hospital Medical School]] (now part of University College London) in 1746, [[London Hospital Medical College]] (now part of [[Queen Mary, University of London]]) in 1786.

The [[Red brick university|redbrick universities]] were established as university colleges in the latter half of the 19th century and mostly became universities in the early 20th century. The [[Royal University of Ireland]] (1881, as the successor of the Queen's University of Ireland), the [[Victoria University (UK)|Victoria University]] (1881), and the [[University of Wales]] (1893) were the only other universities established in the 1800s, all as federal or examining universities. The first unitary university in the British Isles outside of Scotland was the [[University of Birmingham]] (1900).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdXhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|page=128|title=Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities|author=William Whyte|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=16 January 2015|isbn=9780191025228}}</ref>