Editing Anatolian languages (section)

=== Gender ===
The Anatolian [[Grammatical gender|gender]] system is based on two classes: animate and inanimate (also termed common and neuter). Proto-Anatolian almost certainly did not inherit a separate feminine agreement class from PIE.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Ronald I. |title=The Feminine Gender in Tocharian and Indo-European |date=January 2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/23882373 |language=en |via=Academia.edu}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2024}} The two-gender system has been described as a merger of masculine and feminine genders following the phonetic merger of PIE a-stems with o-stems. However the discovery of a group of inherited nouns with suffix '''{{lang|xlc|*-eh<sub>2</sub>}}''' in Lycian and therefore Proto-Anatolian raised doubts about the existence of a feminine gender in PIE. The feminine gender typically marked with {{lang|mis|-ā}} in non-Anatolian Indo-European languages may be connected to a derivational suffix '''{{lang|mis|*-h<sub>2</sub>}}''', attested for abstract nouns and collectives in Anatolian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Melchert |first=Craig |title=PIE *-eh2 as an "individualizing" Suffix and the Feminine Gender |url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/MelchertJena.pdf |via=linguistics.ucla.edu}}</ref> The appurtenance suffix {{lang|mis|*-ih<sub>2</sub>}} is scarce in Anatolian but fully productive as a feminine marker in [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]].<ref name=":1" /> This suggests the Anatolian gender system is the original for IE, while the [[Grammatical gender#Masculine–feminine–neuter contrast|feminine-masculine-neuter]] classification of Tocharian + Core IE languages may have arisen following a sex-based split within the class of topical nouns to provide more precise reference tracking for male and female humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luraghi |first=Silvia |date=2011 |title=The Origin of the Proto-Indo-European Gender System: Typological Considerations |url=https://allegatifac.unipv.it/silvialuraghi/Gender%20FoL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229143242/http://allegatifac.unipv.it/silvialuraghi/Gender%20FoL.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-29 |url-status=live |journal=Folia Linguistica |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=435–463 |doi=10.1515/flin.2011.016|s2cid=59324940 }}</ref>