Editing Anatolia (section)

===Ancient Anatolia===
{{Main|List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia|Ancient regions of Anatolia}}

The earliest historical data related to Anatolia appear during the [[Bronze Age]] and continue throughout the [[Iron Age]]. The most ancient period in the [[history of Anatolia]] spans from the emergence of ancient [[Hattians]], up to the conquest of Anatolia by the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in the 6th century BCE.

====Hattians and Hurrians====
{{main|Hattians|Hurrians}}

The earliest historically attested populations of Anatolia were the [[Hattians]] in central Anatolia, and [[Hurrians]] further to the east. The Hattians were an indigenous people, whose main center was the city of [[Hattush]]. Affiliation of [[Hattian language]] remains unclear, while [[Hurrian language]] belongs to a distinctive family of [[Hurro-Urartian languages]]. All of those languages are extinct; relationships with indigenous [[languages of the Caucasus]] have been proposed,{{sfn|Bryce|2005|p=12}} but are not generally accepted. The region became famous for exporting raw materials. Organized trade between Anatolia and [[Mesopotamia]] started to emerge during the period of the [[Akkadian Empire]], and was continued and intensified during the period of the [[Old Assyrian Empire]], between the 21st and the 18th centuries BCE. Assyrian traders were bringing tin and textiles in exchange for copper, silver or gold. Cuneiform records, dated {{Circa|20th century BCE}}, found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of [[Kültepe|Kanesh]], use an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.<ref name="Freeman">{{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Charles|title= Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999|isbn=978-0198721949}}</ref>{{sfn|Akurgal|2001|p=}}{{sfn|Barjamovic|2011|p=}}

====Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th centuries BCE)====
{{main|Hittites}}
[[File:Sphinx_Gate,_Hattusa_01.jpg|thumb|The Sphinx Gate in [[Hattusa]]]]

Unlike the Akkadians and Assyrians, whose Anatolian trading posts were peripheral to their core lands in [[Mesopotamia]], the [[Hittites]] were centered at [[Hattusa]] (modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatolia by the 17th century BCE. They were speakers of an Indo-European language, the [[Hittite language]], or ''nesili'' (the language of Nesa) in Hittite. The Hittites originated from local ancient cultures that grew in Anatolia, in addition to the arrival of Indo-European languages. Attested for the first time in the Assyrian tablets of [[Kültepe|Nesa]] around 2000 BCE, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BCE, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurrian-speaking populations. According to the widely accepted [[Kurgan theory]] on the [[Proto-Indo-European homeland]], however, the Hittites (along with the other Indo-European [[ancient Anatolians]]) were themselves relatively recent [[Indo-European migrations|immigrants]] to Anatolia from the north. However, they did not necessarily displace the population genetically; they assimilated into the former peoples' culture, preserving the Hittite language.

The Hittites adopted the Mesopotamian [[cuneiform script]]. In the Late Bronze Age, [[Hittites#New Kingdom|Hittite New Kingdom]] ({{circa|1650 BCE}}) was founded, becoming an empire in the 14th century BCE after the conquest of [[Kizzuwatna]] in the south-east and the defeat of the [[Assuwa league]] in western Anatolia. The empire reached its height in the 13th century BCE, controlling much of Asia Minor, northwestern [[Syria]], and northwest upper Mesopotamia. However, the Hittite advance toward the Black Sea coast was halted by the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal [[Kaskians]], a non-Indo-European people who had earlier displaced the [[Palaic language|Palaic-speaking]] Indo-Europeans.<ref>Carruba, O. ''Das Palaische. Texte, Grammatik, Lexikon''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1970. StBoT 10</ref> Much of the history of the Hittite Empire concerned war with the rival empires of [[Egypt]], [[Assyria]] and the [[Mitanni]].<ref name="Roux">Georges Roux – Ancient Iraq</ref>

The [[Ancient Egypt]]ians eventually withdrew from the region after failing to gain the upper hand over the Hittites and becoming wary of the power of Assyria, which had destroyed the Mitanni Empire.<ref name="Roux"/> The Assyrians and Hittites were then left to battle over control of eastern and southern Anatolia and colonial territories in [[Syria]]. The Assyrians had better success than the Egyptians, annexing much Hittite (and Hurrian) territory in these regions.<ref name="Georges Roux 1966">Georges Roux, ''Ancient Iraq''. Penguin Books, 1966. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

====Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th centuries BCE)====
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| image1 = The_theatre_of_ancient_Halicarnassus,_built_in_the_4th_century_BC_during_the_reign_of_King_Mausolos_and_enlarged_in_the_2nd_century_AD,_the_original_capacity_of_the_theatre_was_10,000,_Bodrum,_Turkey_(16456817694).jpg|245
| caption1 = The [[Theatre at Halicarnassus]] (modern [[Bodrum]]) was built in the 4th century BC by [[Mausolus]], the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] [[satrap]] (governor) of [[Caria#Persian satrapy|Caria]]. The [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]] was one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]].<ref name=history>{{cite web | title = History of the Past: World History | url = http://worldhistory.byethost8.com/}}</ref><ref name=seven>{{cite web | title = The Seven Wonders | author = Paul Lunde | date = May–June 1980 | publisher = Saudi Aramco World | url = http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198003/the.seven.wonders.htm | access-date = 12 September 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091013125703/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198003/the.seven.wonders.htm | archive-date = 13 October 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| image2 = Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Façade.jpg|245
| caption2 = The [[Library of Celsus]] in [[Ephesus]] was built by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in 114–117.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Celsus_Library/|title=Celsus Library|publisher=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|author=Mark Cartwright|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> The [[Temple of Artemis]] in Ephesus, built by king [[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]] in the 6th century BC, was one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/128/|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref>
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After 1180 BCE, during the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]], the Hittite Empire disintegrated into several independent [[Syro-Hittite states]], subsequent to losing much territory to the [[Middle Assyrian Empire]] and being finally overrun by the [[Phrygians]], another Indo-European people who are believed to have migrated from the [[Balkans]]. The Phrygian expansion into southeast Anatolia was eventually halted by the Assyrians, who controlled that region.<ref name="Georges Roux 1966"/>

:'''Luwians'''
Another Indo-European people, the [[Luwians]], rose to prominence in central and western Anatolia {{circa|2000}} BCE. [[Luwian language|Their language]] belonged to the same linguistic branch as [[Hittite language|Hittite]].<ref>Melchert 2003</ref> The general consensus amongst scholars is that Luwian was spoken across a large area of western Anatolia, including (possibly) [[Wilusa]] ([[Troy]]), the Seha River Land (to be identified with the [[Gediz River|Hermos]] and/or [[Bakırçay|Kaikos]] valley), and the kingdom of Mira-Kuwaliya with its core territory of the Maeander valley.<ref>Watkins 1994; id. 1995:144–51; Starke 1997; Melchert 2003; for the geography Hawkins 1998</ref> From the 9th century BCE, Luwian regions coalesced into a number of states such as [[Lydia]], [[Caria]], and [[Lycia]], all of which had [[Greece|Hellenic]] influence.

:'''Arameans'''
'''[[Arameans]]''' encroached over the borders of south-central Anatolia in the century or so after the fall of the Hittite empire, and some of the Syro-Hittite states in this region became an amalgam of Hittites and Arameans. These became known as [[Syro-Hittite states]].

:'''Neo-Assyrian Empire'''
[[File:Uchisar Castle.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Fairy chimneys in [[Cappadocia]]]]

From the 10th to late 7th centuries BCE, much of Anatolia (particularly the southeastern regions) fell to the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], including all of the [[Syro-Hittite states]], [[Tabal (state)|Tabal]], [[Commagene]], the [[Cimmerians]] and [[Scythians]], and swathes of [[Cappadocia]].

The Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by [[Medes]], [[Persian people|Persians]], Scythians and their own [[Babylonia]]n relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was [[Harran]] in southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last king of [[Babylon]], the Assyrian [[Nabonidus]] and his son and regent [[Belshazzar]]. Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based [[Medes|Median Empire]], with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory.

:'''Cimmerian and Scythian invasions'''
From the late 8th century BCE, a new wave of Indo-European-speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the [[Cimmerians]] and [[Scythians]]. The Cimmerians overran [[Phrygia]] and the Scythians threatened to do the same to [[Urartu]] and [[Lydia]], before both were finally checked by the Assyrians.

:'''Early Greek presence'''
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| footer = The [[Sebasteion]] (left) and [[Tetrapylon]] (right) in [[Aphrodisias]] of [[Caria]], which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 2017.
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The north-western coast of Anatolia was inhabited by Greeks of the [[Achaeans (tribe)|Achaean]]/[[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] culture from the 20th century BCE, related to the Greeks of southeastern Europe and the [[Aegean Islands|Aegean]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Carl Roebuck, ''The World of Ancient Times''</ref> Beginning with the [[Bronze Age collapse]] at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by [[Ionian Greeks]], usurping the area of the related but earlier [[Mycenaean Greeks]]. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek [[city-state]]s were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia ([[Pre-Socratic philosophy]]).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>