Editing Algiers (section)

===Ottoman rule===
[[File:Civitates orbis terrarum. De praecipuis totius universi urbibus. Liber secundus (page 128).jpg|thumb|Algiers by [[Antonio Salamanca]], circa 1540, published in [[Civitates Orbis Terrarum]]]]
[[File:Duquesne fait liberer des captifs chretiens apres le bombardement d Alger en 1683.jpg|thumb|[[Abraham Duquesne]] delivering Christian captives in Algiers after the bombing in 1683.]]
In 1516, the amir of Algiers, Selim b. Teumi, invited the corsair brothers [[Oruç Reis]] and [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] to expel the [[Habsburg Spain|Spaniards]]. Oruç Reis came to Algiers, ordered the assassination of Selim, and seized the town and ousted the Spanish in the [[Capture of Algiers (1516)]]. Hayreddin, succeeding Oruç after the latter was killed in battle against the Spaniards in the [[Fall of Tlemcen (1518)|1518 fall of Tlemcen]], was the founder of the ''[[pashaluk]]'', which subsequently became the ''[[bey]]lik'', of Algeria. Barbarossa lost Algiers in 1524 but regained it with the [[Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)|1529 Capture of Peñón of Algiers]], and then formally invited the Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] to accept sovereignty over the territory and to annex Algiers to the [[Ottoman Empire]].

[[File:Algiers and Bejaia by Piri Reis.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Historic map of Algiers by [[Piri Reis]]]]
{{Anchor|Algerine}}<!-- common name for inhabitants of the area at this time "Algerine" redirect here do not remove-->
Algiers from this time became the chief seat of the [[Barbary pirates]]. In October 1541 in the [[Algiers expedition (1541)|Algiers expedition]], the King of Spain and [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] sought to capture the city, but a storm destroyed a great number of his ships, and his army of some 30,000, chiefly made up of Spaniards, was defeated by the Algerians under their [[pasha]], Hassan.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=655}}

[[File:Ottoman cannon end of 16th century length 385cm cal 178mm weight 2910 stone projectile founded 8 October 1581 Alger seized 1830.jpg|right|thumb|Ornate [[Ottoman weapons|Ottoman cannon]] found in Algiers on 8 October 1581 by Ca'fer el-Mu'allim. Length: 385&nbsp;cm, cal:178&nbsp;mm, weight: 2910&nbsp;kg, stone projectile. Seized by France during the [[invasion of Algiers in 1830]]. [[Army Museum (Paris)|Army Museum, Paris]].]]

Formally part of the Ottoman Empire but essentially free from Ottoman control, starting in the 16th century Algiers turned to piracy and ransoming. Due to its location on the periphery of both the Ottoman and European economic spheres, and depending for its existence on a Mediterranean that was increasingly controlled by European shipping, backed by European navies, piracy became the primary economic activity. Repeated attempts were made by various nations to subdue the pirates that disturbed shipping in the western Mediterranean and engaged in slave raids as far north as Iceland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heimaslod.is/index.php/Tyrkjar%C3%A1ni%C3%B0 |title=Tyrkjaránið – Heimaslóð |language=is |publisher=Heimaslod.is |access-date=2010-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527072348/http://www.heimaslod.is/index.php/Tyrkjar%C3%A1ni%C3%B0 |archive-date=2011-05-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 17th century, up to 40% of the city's 100,000 inhabitants were enslaved Europeans.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547299|title=From Amrum to Algiers and Back: The Reintegration of a Renegade in the Eighteenth Century|author=Martin Reinheimer|journal=Central European History|year=2003|volume=36|issue=2|pages=209–233|access-date=2021-06-23|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1163/156916103770866121|jstor=4547299|s2cid=143504775|archive-date=2022-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122726/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547299|url-status=live}}</ref> The United States fought two wars (the [[First Barbary War|First]] and [[Second Barbary War]]s) over Algiers' attacks on shipping.

Among the notable people held for ransom was the future Spanish novelist, [[Miguel de Cervantes]], who was held captive in Algiers for almost five years, and wrote two plays set in Algiers of the period. The primary source for knowledge of Algiers of this period, since there are no contemporary local sources, is the ''Topografía e historia general de Argel'' (1612, but written earlier), published by Diego de Haedo, but whose authorship is disputed.<ref>{{cite journal
|first=Daniel
|last=Eisenberg
|author-link=:es:Daniel Eisenberg
|title=Cervantes, autor de la ''Topografía e historia general de Argel'' publicada por Diego de Haedo
|journal=Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America
|volume=16
|number=1
|year=1996
|pages=32–53
|doi=10.3138/Cervantes.16.1.032
|s2cid=187065952
|url=http://www.h-net.org/~cervantes/csa/artics96/topograf.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318061159/http://www.h-net.org/~cervantes/csa/artics96/topograf.htm |archive-date=2015-03-18}} Others have disputed Eisenberg's attribution of the work to Cervantes.</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author-link=:es:Daniel Eisenberg
|first=Daniel
|last=Eisenberg
|contribution=¿Por qué volvió Cervantes de Argel?" ("Why Did Cervantes return from Algiers?)
|title=''Ingeniosa invención'': Essays on Golden Age Spanish Literature for Geoffrey L. Stagg in Honor of his Eighty-Fifth Birthday
|location=[[Newark, Delaware]]
|publisher=Juan de la Cuesta
|year=1999
|isbn=0936388838
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ingeniosainvenci0000unse/page/241 241–253]
|url=https://archive.org/details/ingeniosainvenci0000unse/page/241
}}</ref> This work describes in detail the city, the behavior of its inhabitants, and its military defenses, with the unsuccessful hope of facilitating an attack by Spain so as to end the piracy.

A significant number of renegades lived in Algiers at the time, Christians converted voluntarily to Islam, many fleeing the law or other problems at home. Once converted to Islam, they were safe in Algiers. Many occupied positions of authority, such as [[Samson Rowlie]], an Englishman who became Treasurer of Algiers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35843991|title=The First Muslims in England|publisher=BBC News|date=20 March 2016|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321043520/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35843991|archive-date=2016-03-21|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B13 058-The City of ALGIER.jpeg|thumb|The [[Casbah of Algiers]] under Ottoman rule in 1690.]]
The city under Ottoman control was enclosed by a wall on all sides, including along the seafront. In this wall, five gates allowed access to the city, with five roads from each gate dividing the city and meeting in front of the Ketchaoua Mosque. In 1556, a citadel, [[Palace of the Dey]] was constructed at the highest point in the wall. A major road running north to south divided the city in two: The upper city (al-Gabal, or 'the mountain') which consisted of about fifty small quarters of [[Andalusians|Andalusian]], [[Algerian Jews|Jewish]], [[Moors|Moorish]] and [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] communities, and the lower city (al-Wata, or 'the plains') which was the administrative, military and commercial centre of the city, mostly inhabited by [[Kouloughlis|Ottoman Turkish dignitaries]] and other upper-class families.<ref>Celik, Zeynep, ''Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule'', University of California Press, 1997, pp. 13–14.</ref>
[[File:Sm Bombardment of Algiers, August 1816-Luny.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|bombardment of Algiers]] under [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Viscount Exmouth]], August 1816, painted by [[Thomas Luny]]]]
On August 27, 1816, the [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]] took place city by a British squadron under [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Lord Exmouth]] (a descendant of Thomas Pellew, taken in an Algerian slave raid in 1715<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa (a-z).|last=Godfrey.|first=Mugoti|date=2009|publisher=Lulu Com|isbn=978-1435728905|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=946180025}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}), assisted by men-of-war from the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], destroying the corsair fleet harboured in Algiers.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=655}}

[[File:Hussein dey portrait.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Hussein Dey]], the last [[Dey]] of the [[Deylik of Algiers]].]]
France and the [[Regency of Algiers]] had a commercial–political conflict called the [[Bakri-Busnach affair]] which has been bothering both nations in the 19th century.
On April 29, 1827, foreign consuls and diplomatic agents gathered in the [[Palace of the Dey]] for a conference with the [[Regency of Algiers]] ruler [[Hussein Dey]]. Tensions were high because of France's failure to pay outstanding debts. In a heated moment later referred to as "fly-whisk incident", the [[Dey]] struck the French consul in the face with the handle of a [[fly-whisk]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raf |first1=Mohh |title=The Fly Whisk Incident |url=https://gloriousalgeria.dz/En/Post/show/92/The-Fly-Whisk-Incident |website=gloriousalgeria.dz |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Raf |first1=Mohh |title=Fly Whisk Incident (1827) |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fly-whisk-incident-1827 |website=encyclopedia.com |publisher=Kenneth J. Perkins}}</ref>

In an attempt by [[Charles X of France]] to increase his popularity amongst the French, he sought to bolster [[patriotic sentiment]], and turn eyes away from his domestic policies, by treating the incident as a public insult and demanded an apology. Failure to respond was met by operations against the dey.<ref name="EncBrit">{{cite encyclopedia |title= Algeria, Colonial Rule|access-date=2007-12-19 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |page= 39 |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-220553/Algeria#487751.hook}}</ref> A naval siege on the port of Algiers by the [[French Navy]] began the following days which lasted 3 years and impacted the French and Algerian economies due to their former extensive trade treaties.

[[File:Keys of Algiers 1830.jpg|thumb|The keys of the city of Algiers, which were handed to the [[French Army]] on 5 July 1830.]]
[[File:Bombardementd alger-1830.jpg|thumb|Bombardment of Algiers by sea on July 3, 1830]]
Tensions only continued rising while the [[French Armed Forces]] were preparing for the [[invasion of Algiers in 1830|1830 invasion of Algiers]]. The naval fleet departed from [[Toulon]] on May 25, 1830, and successfully reached the western coast of the Regency near what is today [[Sidi Fredj]] on June 14, 1830. The Algerian forces met their French opponents in the [[Battle of Staouéli]] on June 19, 1830, to which the [[Dey]]'s forces were defeated, this enabled the colonial army to advance into the city and made [[Hussein Dey]] surrender to French [[Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont|General de Bourmont]] on 5 July 1830.