Editing Albert Einstein (section)

=== Academic career in Europe (1908–1933)===
Einstein's sabbatical as a civil servant approached its end in 1908, when he secured a junior teaching position at the [[University of Bern]]. In 1909, a lecture on relativistic [[electrodynamics]] that he gave at the University of Zurich, much admired by Alfred Kleiner, led to Zurich's luring him away from Bern with a newly created associate professorship.<ref name="bG2yp"/> Promotion to a full professorship followed in April 1911, when he accepted a chair at the German [[Charles-Ferdinand University]] in [[Prague]], a move which required him to become an [[Cisleithania|Austrian]] citizen of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], which was not completed.{{cn|date=February 2025}} His time in Prague saw him producing eleven research papers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyth |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRaGDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Einstein%22+%22Prague%22+%22Eleven%22&pg=PA122 |title=The Road to Einstein's Relativity: Following in the Footsteps of the Giants |date=31 January 2019 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-68268-1 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:ETH-BIB-Einstein, Albert und Kollegen am Physik-Labor ETH-Portrait-Portr 10750.tif|thumb|Einstein with colleagues at the [[ETH]] in [[Zurich]], 1913|upright=1.1]]
In July 1912, he returned to his ''alma mater'', the [[ETH Zurich]], to take up a chair in theoretical physics. His teaching activities there centered on [[thermodynamics]] and analytical mechanics, and his research interests included the molecular theory of heat, [[continuum mechanics]] and the development of a relativistic theory of gravitation. In his work on the latter topic, he was assisted by his friend Marcel Grossmann, whose knowledge of the kind of mathematics required was greater than his own.<ref name="hXQin"/>

In the spring of 1913, two German visitors, [[Max Planck]] and [[Walther Nernst]], called upon Einstein in Zurich in the hope of persuading him to relocate to Berlin.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=534}} They offered him membership of the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]], the directorship of the planned [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]] and a chair at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] that would allow him to pursue his research supported by a professorial salary but with no teaching duties to burden him.<ref name=dh/> Their invitation was all the more appealing to him because Berlin happened to be the home of his latest girlfriend, Elsa Löwenthal.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=534}} He duly joined the Academy on 24 July 1913,<ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687520 |title=Albert Einstein: His Influence on Physics, Philosophy and Politics JL Heilbron – 1982, Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science |jstor=1687520 |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122130724/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687520 |url-status=live }}</ref> and moved into an apartment in the Berlin district of [[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]] on 1 April 1914.<ref name=dh/> He was installed in his Humboldt University position shortly thereafter.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

[[File:Berliner Physiker u Chemiker 1920.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Einstein with other physicists and chemists in [[Berlin]], 1920]]

The outbreak of the [[First World War]] in July 1914 marked the beginning of Einstein's gradual estrangement from the nation of his birth. When the "[[Manifesto of the Ninety-Three]]" was published in October 1914—a document signed by a host of prominent German thinkers that justified Germany's belligerence—Einstein was one of the few German intellectuals to distance himself from it and sign the alternative, eirenic "[[Manifesto to the Europeans]]" instead.{{sfnp|Scheideler|2002|p=333}}{{Sfnp|Weinstein|2015|pp=18–19}} However, this expression of his doubts about German policy did not prevent him from being elected to a two-year term as president of the [[German Physical Society]] in 1916.{{sfnp|Calaprice|Lipscombe|2005|loc=[{{GBurl|id=5eWh2O_3OAQC|pg=PR19}} "Timeline", p. xix]}} When the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics opened its doors the following year—its foundation delayed because of the war—Einstein was appointed its first director, just as Planck and Nernst had promised.<ref name="EXcH6"/>

Einstein was elected a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1920,<ref name="3gcYy"/> and a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921|Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1921]]. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".<ref name="Nobel Prize"/> At this point some physicists still regarded the general theory of relativity skeptically, and the Nobel citation displayed a degree of doubt even about the work on photoelectricity that it acknowledged: it did not assent to Einstein's notion of the particulate nature of light, which only won over the entire scientific community when [[S. N. Bose]] derived the [[Planck spectrum]] in 1924. That same year, Einstein was elected an International Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Albert Einstein |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/albert-einstein |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221194114/https://www.amacad.org/person/albert-einstein |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> Britain's closest equivalent of the Nobel award, the [[Royal Society]]'s [[Copley Medal]], was not hung around Einstein's neck until 1925.<ref name="frs"/> He was elected an International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Albert+Einstein&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

Einstein resigned from the Prussian Academy in March 1933. His accomplishments in Berlin had included the completion of the general theory of relativity, proving the [[Einstein–de Haas effect]], contributing to the quantum theory of radiation, and the development of [[Bose–Einstein statistics]].<ref name=dh/>