Editing Aggression (section)

===Aggression, fear and curiosity===
Within ethology, it has long been recognized that there is a relation between aggression, [[fear]], and [[curiosity]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hinde|first=R.A.|title=Animal Behaviour: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology (2nd Ed.)|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1970|location=New York, NY}}</ref> A [[cognitive science|cognitive]] approach to this relationship puts aggression in the broader context of [[cognitive dissonance|inconsistency reduction]], and proposes that aggressive behavior is caused by an inconsistency between a desired, or expected, situation and the actually perceived situation (e.g., "[[Frustration–aggression hypothesis|frustration]]"), and functions to forcefully [[Manipulation (psychology)|manipulate]] the perception into matching the expected situation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebb|first=D.O.|title=The Organisation of Behavior|publisher=Wiley|year=1949|location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref name=":Archer"/><ref name=":Kampen">{{cite journal | last = van Kampen | first = H.S. | year = 2019 | title = The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour | doi = 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.013 | journal = Behavioural Processes | volume = 159 | pages = 42–54 | pmid = 30562561 | s2cid = 56478466 }}</ref> In this approach, when the inconsistency between perception and expectancy is small, learning as a result of curiosity reduces inconsistency by updating expectancy to match perception. If the inconsistency is larger, fear or aggressive behavior may be employed to alter the perception in order to make it match expectancy, depending on the size of the inconsistency as well as the specific context. Uninhibited fear results in fleeing, thereby removing the inconsistent stimulus from the perceptual field and resolving the inconsistency. In some cases thwarted escape may trigger aggressive behavior in an attempt to remove the thwarting stimulus.<ref name=":Kampen"/>