Editing Aeolian Islands (section)

==History==
[[File:Isole Eolie al tramonto viste dai monti Peloritani, Sicilia.JPG|thumbnail|Sunset at the Aeolian Islands seen from mount [[Monte Dinnammare|Dinnammare]], in the  [[Peloritani]] range.]]

===4000–2500&nbsp;BC===
The first evidence of Sicilian migration was in Lipari ({{ill|Castellaro Vecchio culture|it|Cultura del Castellaro Vecchio}}).<ref>[[Luigi Bernabò Brea]], Madeleine Cavalier (Eds.). (1980). Meligunìs Lipára IV. L’acropoli di Lipari nella preistoria. Palermo: Flaccovio.</ref> The manufacture and commerce of [[obsidian]] objects was highly developed until the introduction of [[metal]]s.<ref>Martinelli, Maria & Vianello, Andrea. (2019). Lipari (Aeolian Islands) Obsidian in the Late Neolithic. Artifacts, Supply and Function. Open Archaeology. 5. 46-64. 10.1515/opar-2019-0005.</ref>

===1600–1250&nbsp;BC===
During the [[Bronze Age]], the Aeolians prospered by means of maritime commerce in an area which extended from [[Mycenae]] to the [[British Isles]], from where tin was imported. Villages on the Aeolian islands flourished on Capo Graziano (Filicudi), Castello (Lipari), Serro dei Cianfi (Salina), Capo Milazzese (Panarea), and Portella (Salina). All these settlements were destroyed by new [[Italic people|Italic]] invasions in 1250&nbsp;BC.<ref>[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2020-0107/pdf Sicily Before the Greeks. The Interaction with Aegean and the Levant in the Pre-colonial Era] Retrieved 25 March 2022.</ref>

===1240–850&nbsp;BC===
According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], the Aeolian Islands were occupied by the [[Ausones]] led by [[Liparus (mythology)|Liparus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca historica]], book V.</ref> Liparus was succeeded by [[Aeolus (Odyssey)|Aeolus]] whose house, according to the ''[[Odyssey]]'' by [[Homer]], gave hospitality to [[Odysseus]].

===600–300&nbsp;BC===
In 580&nbsp;BC, [[Greeks]] exiled from [[Rhodes]] and [[Knidos]] landed at Lipari and began a period of [[Magna Graecia|Greek domination]], which was known for acts of piracy against [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] and [[Phoenicia]]n shipping. There was production of [[vase]]s and other [[ceramic]]s.<ref>[https://www.eoliando.it/info/info_eng.asp Brief history of the Aeolian Islands] Retrieved 25 March 2022.</ref>

===300&nbsp;BC–AD&nbsp;250===
[[File:Salina-Ancient temple-1810.jpg|thumb|Ancient temple in Salina, 1810]]
The islanders were allies of the [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginians]] against [[Roman Republic|Rome]] during the [[Punic Wars]]. Although the [[Battle of the Lipari Islands]] in 260&nbsp;BC led to a Carthaginian victory, the Romans later sacked Lipari and their domination led to a period of poverty.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldsworthy|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Goldsworthy|title=The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-304-36642-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsnFSQAACAAJ}}</ref>

===AD&nbsp;250–1000===
At the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], the Aeolian Islands came under the sway of the [[Visigoths]], the [[Vandals]] and the [[Ostrogoths]], followed by the domination of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. According to a Christian legend, in 264 a coffin which contained the body of [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Bartholomew]] washed up on the beach of Lipari, with the result that Bartholomew was immediately elected the [[patron saint]] of the Aeolian Islands. In 836 the [[Aghlabids]] of [[Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya]] sacked Lipari, massacred most of the population, enslaved the survivors and annexed the Liparian Islands into the [[Emirate of Sicily]].

===1000–1600===
The [[Norman conquest of Sicily]] from the Emirate of Sicily in 1061 resulted in the annexation of the islands. [[Roger II of Sicily]] sent the [[Benedictine monks]] to [[Lipari]], which gave rise to considerable development on the islands. A cathedral dedicated to [[Saint Bartholomew]] was built, as well as the Benedictine monastery in the castle. In 1208 [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick II]] of [[Swabia]] acceded to the throne of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. The period of prosperity which followed, ended with the domination of the [[Angevin Empire|Angevins]] and the rebellion of the Sicilians which culminated in the revolt of the [[Sicilian Vespers]]. The Aeolians however, remained loyal to [[Charles of Anjou]], and commercial links were established with [[Naples]], the capital of the Angevin kingdom. In 1337 [[Lipari]] opened its gates to the French fleet without resistance, and in return obtained various commercial and fiscal benefits.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gordon S. |last=Brown|title=The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily|publisher=McFarland & Company Inc.|isbn=978-0-7864-1472-7|year=2003}}</ref> In the mid-15th century, Naples and [[Palermo]] united into the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] under the crown of [[Alfonso V of Aragon]].
[[File:Island of Stromboli-1810.jpg|thumb|Stromboli in 1810, painted by [[Luigi Mayer]]]]

On June 30, 1544, a fleet of 180 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] vessels under the command of the [[Barbary pirates|corsair]] [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] occupied Lipari and laid siege to the castle. The defenders surrendered.  Historically, it is said around 9,000 of the 10,000 citizens of Lipari were captured and enslaved although a couple of more recent scholars have questioned this number arguing for a lower population at the time of Barbarossa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Joe Russo|title=Estimating the population of Lipari in 1544|url=http://www.liparifamilyhistory.com/wp/2015/10/estimating-the-population-of-lipari-in-1544-2/|website=Aeolian Genealogy|access-date=18 November 2017|date=October 1, 2015}}</ref>  A number of citizens were ransomed in [[Messina]] and returned to the islands but most of those captured never returned. Only after the tragedy did the Spanish authorities turn their attention to Lipari and repopulate the city with Sicilian, Calabrian and Spanish families. The city walls and houses were rebuilt and an Aeolian fleet was constructed which was able to successfully defend the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] from the Ottomans.

===1600–present===
In 1693, an [[1693 Sicily earthquake|earthquake]] destroyed all the towns in eastern Sicily, causing around 60,000 deaths.<ref name=deaths1693>{{cite journal|first1=Fernando|last1=Rodríguez de la Torre|year=1995|title=Spanish sources concerning the 1693 earthquake in Sicily|journal=Annali di Geofisica|pages=526|volume=38|issue=5–6|url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1744/1/06%20torre.pdf}}, [[Juan Francisco Pacheco y Téllez-Girón, 4th Consort Duke of Uceda]] the Spanish [[Viceroy of Sicily]] at the time reported "...and about sixty thousand people died under the ruins of the earthquake" (August 4, 1695)</ref> After the population invoked the protection of [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Saint Bartholomew]] during prayers in the [[cathedral]], there was not a single victim on the Aeolian Islands. The economic conditions of the islands improved greatly during the 17th century with agricultural progress ([[malvasia]] grapes), [[caper]]s, and a variety of fruit, vegetables and fishing). With the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] came the introduction of criminal and political prisoners to the islands. In 1916, the penal colony was closed, but the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist regime]] unsuccessfully tried to reopen it in 1926. The island population reacted by pulling down the remains of the ex-penitentiary in the castle. However, not long after, the castle was converted to accommodate anti-Fascist political prisoners in enforced exile. Liparians fraternised with these exiles until the [[Allies (World War II)|Allies]]' liberation. After the war, the same room that had housed the opponents of Fascism became the {{ill|Aeolian Archaeological Museum|it|Museo archeologico regionale eoliano}}.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the Aeolian Islands were visited by [[Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria]]—a friend of the islands and also a man with a profound knowledge of the archipelago. Between the years 1893–96 he published a work of eight volumes on the Aeolian Islands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rando |first=Gaetano |title=Filicudi in the Late 19th Century a Scientific Description |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3289&context=lhapapers |journal=Excerpts from die Liparischen Inseln}}</ref>

In August 1888, the crater named Fossa on Vulcano erupted and caused many deaths in the [[sulfur mining|sulphur mines]]. The eruptions continued for 19 months.

On New Year's Day in 1909, a rumour appeared in international newspapers that the Aeolian Islands had been "swallowed up by the sea" during a time of volcanic activity.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8117664/aeolian_islands_not_swallowed_up/ "Aeolian Islands Not Sunk"] ''Atchison Daily Champion'' (1 January 1909): 1. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> While communication with the islands was interrupted for a time,<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8117750/aeolian_islands_1909/ "Aeolian Islands Isolated"] ''Dakota Huronite'' (14 January 1909): 7. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> they were not otherwise inconvenienced.

During [[World War II]], all of the Aeolian Islands were captured by the [[Allies (World War II)|Allies]] in August 1943, during the [[invasion of Sicily]].<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8118045/aeolian_isles_seized_1943/ "Foggia Blasted; Aeolian Isles Seized"] ''Kingsport News'' (21 August 1943): 1. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> The islands were then extensively searched by [[Archaeology|archeologists]] [[Madeleine Cavalier]] and [[Luigi Bernabò Brea]] after [[World War II]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Médaille d'argent du CNRS à Madeleine Cavalier - Centre Jean Bérard |url=https://centrejeanberard.cnrs.fr/spip.php?breve79 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=centrejeanberard.cnrs.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pracanica |first=Alessio |date=2020-06-22 |title=Il museo Bernabò Brea di Lipari, uno dei più ricchi e meno conosciuti musei del Mediterraneo. Foto |url=https://dazebaonews.it/primo-piano/editoriali/50677-il-museo-bernabo-brea-di-lipari-uno-dei-piu-ricchi-e-meno-conosciuti-musei-del-mediterraneo-foto.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Dazebaonews |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martinelli |first1=Maria Clara |last2=Spigo |first2=Umberto |date=2014 |title=Le isole Eolie dalla fondazione del Museo Archeologico Luigi Bernabò Brea alla istituzione del Parco Archeologico delle Isole Eolie: problemi di tutela e valorizzazione |url=https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/3116822 |journal=150 anni di preistoria e protostoria in Italia. - ( Studi di preistoria e protostoria; 1) |language=it |pages=561–565}}</ref>