Editing Abydos (Hellespont) (section)

===Medieval period===
[[File:Çanakkale –Abydos Burnu.Istanbul Boğazı’na giriş.jpg|thumb|View of the straits at Abydos.]]
[[Pope Martin I]] rested at Abydos in the summer of 653 whilst en route to Constantinople.<ref>McCormick (2001), pp. 485-486</ref> As a result of the administrative reforms of the 7th century, Abydos came to be administered as part of the [[Theme (Byzantine district)|theme]] of [[Opsikion]].<ref>Lampakis (2008)</ref> The office of ''[[kommerkiarios]]'' of Abydos is first attested in the mid-7th century, and was later sometimes combined with the office of ''[[paraphylax]]'', the military governor of the fort, introduced in the 8th century, at which time the office of ''komes ton stenon'' is last mentioned.<ref name="Nesbitt ">Nesbitt & Oikonomides (1996), pp. 73-74</ref>

After the 7th century AD, Abydos became a major seaport.<ref name="Kazhdan_Ports">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-4429 Ports]" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1706–1707</ref> [[Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik]], during his [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|campaign]] against [[Constantinople]], crossed over into Thrace at Abydos in July 717.<ref>Venning & Harris (2006), p. 196</ref> The office of ''archon'' at Abydos was restored in the late 8th century and endured until the early 9th century.<ref name="Leveniotis12"/> In 801, Empress [[Irene of Athens|Irene]] reduced commercial tariffs collected at Abydos.<ref name="Foss"/> Emperor [[Nikephoros I]], Irene's successor, introduced a tax on slaves purchased beyond the city.<ref name="Hollingsworth">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-3803 Nikephoros I]" (P. A. Hollingsworth), pp. 1476–1477</ref> The city later also became part of the [[Aegean Sea (theme)|theme of the Aegean Sea]] and was the seat of a ''[[tourmarches]]''.<ref name="Nesbitt "/>

Abydos was sacked by an [[Abbasid Caliphate|Arab]] fleet led by [[Leo of Tripoli]] in 904 AD whilst en route to Constantinople.<ref name="Kazhdan_Leo">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-3097 Leo of Tripoli]" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1216</ref> The [[Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger|revolt]] of [[Bardas Phokas the Younger|Bardas Phokas]] was defeated by Emperor [[Basil II]] at Abydos in 989 AD.<ref>Evans & Wixom (1997), p. 19</ref> In 992, the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] were granted reduced commercial tariffs at Abydos as a special privilege.<ref name="Foss"/> In the early 11th century, Abydos became the seat of a separate command and the office of ''[[strategos]]'' (governor) of Abydos is first mentioned in 1004 with authority over the northern shore of the Hellespont and the islands of the Sea of Marmara.<ref name="Nesbitt "/>

In 1024, a [[Rus' people|Rus']] [[Battle of Lemnos (1024)|raid]] led by a certain Chrysocheir defeated the local commander at Abydos and proceeded to travel south through the Hellespont.<ref>Wortley (2010), p. 347</ref> Following the [[Battle of Manzikert]], Abydos was seized by the [[Seljuk Turks]], but was recovered in 1086 AD,<ref>Haldon & Davis (2002), p. 95</ref> in which year Leo Kephalas was appointed ''[[katepano]]'' of Abydos.<ref>Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2828. Kephalas]" (A. Kazhdan)</ref> Abydos' population likely increased at this time as a result of the arrival of refugees from northwestern Anatolia who had fled the advance of the Turks.<ref name="Leveniotis13-14"/> In 1092/1093, the city was attacked by [[Tzachas]], a Turkish pirate.<ref name="Brand">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-5634 Tzachas]" (Ch. M. Brand), p. 2134</ref> Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] repaired Abydos' fortifications in the late 12th century.<ref name="Nesbitt "/>

By the 13th century AD, the crossing from Lampsacus to [[Gelibolu|Kallipolis]] had become more common and largely replaced the crossing from Abydos to Sestos.<ref name="Kazhdan_Kallipolis">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2725 Kallipolis]" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1094–1095</ref> During the [[Fourth Crusade]], in 1204, the Venetians seized Abydos,<ref name="Foss"/> and, following the [[Sack of Constantinople (1204)|Sack of Constantinople]] and the formation of the [[Latin Empire]] later that year, [[Baldwin I, Latin Emperor|Emperor Baldwin]] granted the land between Abydos and Adramyttium to his brother [[Henry of Flanders]].<ref>Van Tricht (2011), p. 106</ref> Henry of Flanders passed through Abydos on 11 November 1204 and continued his march to Adramyttium.<ref>Korobeinikov (2014), p. 54</ref> Abydos was seized by the [[Empire of Nicaea]], a successor state of the Eastern Roman Empire, during its offensive in 1206–1207, but was reconquered by the Latin Empire in 1212–1213.<ref>Van Tricht (2011), pp. 109-110</ref> The city was later recovered by Emperor [[John III Vatatzes]].<ref name="Foss"/> Abydos declined in the 13th century, and was eventually abandoned between 1304 and 1310/1318 due to the threat of Turkish tribes and disintegration of Roman control over the region.<ref name="Leveniotis13-14"/>