Editing ANFO (section)

== Paramilitary use ==

ANFO was used in 1970 when protests by students became violent at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], who learned how to make and use ANFO from a Wisconsin Conservation Department booklet entitled ''Pothole Blasting for Wildlife'',<ref name="pothole">{{cite book |author=Mathiak, Harold A. |title=Pothole Blasting for Wildlife |page=11 |publisher=Wisconsin Conservation Department, Madison, Wisconsin 53701 |year=1965}}<!--Not in LOC catalog--></ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mike Davis |title=Buda's Wagon: A Brief History of the Car Bomb |publisher=Verso |location=New York |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/budaswagonbriefh00davi/page/53 53] |lccn=2007274127 |isbn=978-1844671328 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/budaswagonbriefh00davi }}.</ref> resulting in the [[Sterling Hall bombing]].

ANFO used to be widely used by the FLNC ([[National Liberation Front of Corsica]]), along with f15 explosive. Five containers of {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=off}} each were used to blow up the Tax Office building in Bastia on 28 February 1987.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

The ANFO [[car bomb]] was adopted by the [[Provisional IRA]] in 1972 and, by 1973, [[the Troubles]] were consuming {{convert|47,000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=off}} of ammonium nitrate for the majority of bombs.<ref>{{cite news |author=Henry Stanhope |title=The will to blow the lid off Ulster still remains strong |newspaper=The Times |location=London <!--url: Archive starts in 2000--> |date=8 November 1974}}</ref> The [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF) also made use of ANFO bombs, often mixing in [[gelignite]] as a booster, in the [[Dublin and Monaghan bombings]] of May 1974 which killed 34 people & injured almost 300, ANFO car bombs were used in Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balaclavastreet.wordpress.com/tag/bombs/|title=Bombs}}</ref> It has also seen use by groups such as the [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] and [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]]. In 1992, [[Shining Path]] perpetrated the [[Tarata bombing]] in [[Lima, Peru]], using two ANFO truck bombs.

A more sophisticated variant of ANFO (ammonium nitrate with [[nitromethane]] as the fuel, called ANNM) was used in the 1995 [[Oklahoma City bombing]].

The [[Shijiazhuang bombings]] rocked the city of Shijiazhuang, China, on 16 March 2001. A total of 108 people were killed, and 38 others injured when, within a short time, several ANFO bombs exploded near four apartment buildings.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=3 April 2001 |title=石家庄九名制贩爆炸物的嫌犯被刑事拘留 |trans-title=Shijiazhuang nine suspects of the sale of explosives were detained in criminal detention |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/222078.html&usg=ALkJrhgOJfTK3ZhEpPY9V8vwNL_TK_SjRA |language=zh |location=Beijing |access-date=12 August 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In November 2009, the government of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) of [[Pakistan]] imposed a ban on [[ammonium sulfate]], ammonium nitrate, and [[calcium ammonium nitrate]] fertilizers in the [[Upper Dir]], [[Lower Dir]], [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]], [[Chitral]] and [[Malakand District|Malakand]] districts (the former [[Malakand Division]]) following reports that those chemicals were used by militants to make explosives.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

In April 2010, police in Greece confiscated 180&nbsp;kg of ANFO and other related material stashed in a hideaway in the Athens suburb of Kareas. The material was believed to be linked to attacks previously carried out by the "Revolutionary Struggle" terrorist group.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

In January 2010, President [[Hamid Karzai]] of [[Afghanistan]] also issued a decree banning the use, production, storage, purchase, or sale of ammonium nitrate, after an investigation showed militants in the [[Taliban insurgency]] had used the substance in bomb attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesunion.com/ASPStories/story.asp?StoryID=720948 |newspaper=Times Union |location=Albany, N.Y. |title=Afghanistan bans chemical used to make bombs; protesters denounce killings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607130249/http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=720948 |archive-date=7 June 2010 }}<!--There are several different stories on archive.org matching this URL but none of them have anything close to this title--></ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8910984 |agency=AP Foreign |date=22 January 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian | title=Afghanistan bans chemical used to make bombs |access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Dexter Filkins |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/11/world/asia/11afghan.html |title=Bomb Material Cache Uncovered in Afghanistan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

On 22 July 2011, an aluminium powder-enriched ANNM explosive, with total size of 950&nbsp;kg (150&nbsp;kg of aluminium powder), increasing demolition power by 10–30% over plain ANFO, was used in the [[2011 Norway attacks|Oslo bombing]].<ref name=nrk950kg>{{cite news |author=Stina Åshildsdatter Grolid |author2=Unni Eikeseth |url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/1.7726208 | title=Slik virket trykkbølgen etter bomben |language=no |trans-title=Such seemed the shock wave after the bomb |date=25 July 2011| publisher = NRK| access-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-27/norway-police-spreads-breivik-terror-probe-europe-wide-after-twin-attacks.html | work=Bloomberg | first1=Marianne | last1=Stigset | first2=Josiane | last2=Kremer | first3=Stephen | last3=Treloar | title=Police in Norway Extend Terror Probe Across Europe After Breivik Attacks | date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

On 13 April 2016, two suspected [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] members were stopped in Dublin with 67&nbsp;kg of ANFO.<ref>{{cite news |author=Daniel Hickey |title=Two men appear in court charged with possession of 150&nbsp;kg of homemade explosives |newspaper=Irish Independent |location=Dublin|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/courts/two-men-appear-in-court-charged-with-possession-of-150kg-of-homemade-explosives-34631186.html|access-date=16 April 2016 |date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

On 6 March 2018, 8 members of the extreme right [[neo-Nazi]] group [[Combat 18]] were arrested in Athens, Greece, accused of multiple attacks on immigrants and activists. They had 50&nbsp;kg of ANFO in their possession.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news247.gr/eidiseis/koinonia/o-tsamp-ths-combat-18-kai-o-lukos-ths-xryshs-ayghs-epivevaiwnoyn-th-logikh-twn-sygkoinwnountwn-doxeiwn.5111561.html|title = Ο 'Τσαμπ' της 'Combat 18' και ο 'Λύκος' της Χρυσής Αυγής επιβεβαιώνουν τη λογική των 'συγκοινωνούντων δοχείων'}}</ref>