Editing 1900 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Flag Map of The World (1900).png|thumb|358x358px|The world in the year 1900]]
=== January ===
{{Main|January 1900}}
[[File:BoxerSoldiers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Boxer soldiers]]
* [[January 2]] – [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Hay]] announces the [[Open Door Policy]] to promote American trade with [[China]].
* [[January 6]] – [[Second Boer War]]: [[Boer]]s attempt to end the [[Siege of Ladysmith]], which leads to the [[Battle of Platrand]].
* [[January 14]]
** [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]'s opera ''[[Tosca]]'' premieres in Rome.
** The [[U.S. Senate]] accepts the British-[[German Empire|German]] Treaty of [[1899]], in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the [[American Samoa]] portion of the [[Samoan Islands]].
[[File:Boers at Spion Kop, 1900 - Project Gutenberg eText 16462.jpg|thumb|[[Second Boer War]]: Boers at [[Battle of Spion Kop|Spion Kop]]]]
* [[January 24]] – [[Second Boer War]]: [[Battle of Spion Kop]] – Boer troops defeat the [[British Army]].
* [[January 27]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]]: Foreign diplomats in [[Peking]], [[Qing dynasty]] China, demand that the Boxer rebels (who oppose foreign interests in the country) be disciplined.
* [[January 31]] – Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of the [[Mat Salleh Rebellion]] in [[North Borneo]], is shot dead in [[Tambunan]].

=== February ===
{{Main|February 1900}}
[[File:LabourPartyPlaque.jpg|thumb|200px|Plaque recording the location of the formation of the [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] in 1900.]]
* [[February 5]] – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a [[Nicaragua Canal|Central American shipping canal]] across Central America in [[Nicaragua]].
* [[February 6]] – The International Arbitration Court at [[The Hague]] is created, when the Netherlands' Senate ratifies an [[1899]] [[peace conference]] decree.
* [[February 8]] – [[Second Boer War]]: British troops defeat the [[Boer]]s at [[Ladysmith, South Africa]].
* [[February 15]] – [[Second Boer War]]: The [[Siege of Kimberley]] is lifted.
* [[February 16]] &ndash; The [[Southern Cross expedition]] led by [[Carsten Borchgrevink]] achieves a new [[Farthest South]] of 78° 50'S, making the first landing at the [[Ross Ice Shelf|Great Ice Barrier]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link= Hugh Robert Mill|last=Mill|first= Hugh Robert|title= The Siege of the South Pole|publisher=[[Alston Rivers]]|location= London|year= 1905 |pages=402}}</ref>
* [[February 17]] – [[Second Boer War]]: [[Battle of Paardeberg]] – British troops defeat the Boers.
* [[February 27]]
** The [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] is officially established, at a meeting in the [[Congregational Memorial Hall]] in [[London]], and [[Ramsay MacDonald]] is appointed as its first secretary.
** [[Second Boer War]]: British military leaders accept the unconditional notice of surrender from Boer General [[Piet Cronjé]].
** [[FC Bayern Munich|FC Bayern]], Germany's most successful [[association football|football]] club, is founded in [[Munich]].

=== March ===
{{Main|March 1900}}
* [[March 5]] – Two U.S. Navy [[cruiser]]s are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between [[Nicaragua]] and [[Costa Rica]].
* [[March 6]] – A [[coal mine]] explosion in [[West Virginia]], United States, kills 50 miners.
* [[March 14]] – Botanist [[Hugo de Vries]] rediscovers [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendel's laws of heredity]].
* [[March 16]] – British archaeologist Sir [[Arthur Evans]] purchases the land on [[Crete]] on which the ruins of the Palace of [[Knossos]] stand. He begins to unearth some of the palace three days later.
* [[March 23]] – [[Karl Landsteiner]] first reports his discovery of an accurate means for classifying a system of [[blood type]], which will universally be referred to as the [[ABO blood group system]]<ref>Landsteiner, Karl (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zbl f. Bakt. 27:357–362 (issue of March 23, 1900)</ref> and for which he will be awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1930.

=== April ===
{{Main|April 1900}}
[[Image:Vue panoramique de l'exposition universelle de 1900.jpg|thumb|right|115px|Exposition Universelle view in Paris]]
* [[April 14]] – The [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]], a world's fair, opens in Paris.
* [[April 22]] – [[Battle of Kousséri]]: French forces secure their domination of [[Chad]]. Warlord [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] is defeated and killed.

=== May ===
{{Main|May 1900}}
* May – American [[explorer]] [[Robert Peary]] is the first person to sight [[Kaffeklubben Island]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Canadian Surveyor|publisher=Canadian Institute of Surveying and Mapping|year=1970 |page=150}}</ref>
* [[May 1]] – [[Scofield Mine disaster]]: An explosion of blasting powder in a [[coal]] mine in [[Scofield, Utah]], kills 200 people.
* [[May 14]] – The second [[Olympic Games]], [[Paris 1900]], open (as part of the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris World Exhibition]]).
* [[May 17]]
** [[Second Boer War]]: The British Army relieves the [[Siege of Mafeking]].
** [[Boxer Rebellion]]: Boxers destroy three villages near Peking and kill 60 Chinese Christians.
** [[L. Frank Baum]]'s ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'' is published in Chicago, the first of Baum's [[List of Oz books|Oz books]], chronicling the fictional [[Land of Oz]] for children.
* [[May 18]] – The United Kingdom proclaims a [[protectorate]] over [[Tonga]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Minnerop |first1=Petra |last2=Wolfrum |first2=Rüdiger |last3=Lachenmann |first3=Frauke |title=International Development Law: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-883509-7 |page=784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiKQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA784 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 21]] – The [[Chinese province]] of [[Manchuria]] is invaded by the [[Russian Empire]].
* [[May 24]] – [[Second Boer War]]: The British annex the [[Orange Free State]], as the [[Orange River Colony]].
* [[May 28]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]]: Boxers attack Belgians in the Fengtai railway station.
* [[May 29]] – [[N'Djamena]], the capital city of [[French Chad|Chad]], is founded as Fort-Lamy by French commander [[Émile Gentil]].
* [[May 31]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]]: Peacekeepers from various European countries arrive in China, where they eventually unite with Japanese forces.

=== June ===
{{Main|June 1900}}
* [[June 5]] – [[Second Boer War]]: British soldiers [[Advance on Pretoria|take Pretoria]].
* [[June 11]] – [[1899–1900 peasant unrest in Bulgaria]] starts to turn passive.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hristov|first=Hristo|year=1962|title=Селските вълнения и бунтове 1899–1900|trans-title=Peasant Disturbances and Rebellions 1899–1900|url=https://chitanka.info/text/29695-selskite-vylnenija-i-buntove-1899-1900.epub|format=epub|language=bg|publisher=Izdatelstvo na Natsionalnia Savet na Otechestvenia Front|via=chitanka.info}}</ref>
* [[June 14]] – The [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] approves the second of the [[German Naval Laws]] allowing expansion of the [[Imperial German Navy]].
* [[June 17]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]]: [[Battle of Dagu Forts (1900)|Battle of Dagu Forts]] – Naval forces of the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] capture the [[Taku Forts]], on the [[Hai River]] estuary in China.
* [[June 20]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]]: Boxers gather about 20,000 people near [[Peking]], and kill hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador.
* [[June 25]] – [[Taoism|Taoist]] monk [[Wang Yuanlu]] discovers the [[Dunhuang manuscripts]], a cache of ancient texts that are of great historical and religious significance, in the [[Mogao Caves]] of [[Dunhuang]], China, where they have been sealed since the early 11th century.
* [[June 30]] – [[1900 Hoboken Docks fire|Hoboken Docks fire]]: A wharf fire at the docks in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], spreads to German [[passenger ship]]s {{SS|Saale||2}}, {{SS|Main|1900|2}} and {{SS|Bremen|1896|2}}. The fire engulfs the adjacent piers and nearby ships, killing 326 people.

=== July ===
{{Main|July 1900}}
[[File:First Zeppelin ascent.jpg|thumbnail|[[July 2]]: First successful rigid airship flight by [[Zeppelin LZ 1|Zeppelin ''LZ 1'']]]]
[[File:Map of Australia.png|thumb|150px|[[July 9]]: [[Federation of Australia]] enacted.]]
* [[July 1]] – [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] makes a [[morganatic marriage]] with [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg]].
* [[July 2]] – The first [[zeppelin]] [[airship]] flight, by [[Zeppelin LZ 1]], is carried out over [[Lake Constance]], near [[Friedrichshafen]], [[German Empire|Germany]].
* [[July 9]] – The [[Federation of Australia]] is enacted, marking the unification of its colonies into a single country.
* [[July 12]] – The new [[German Empire|German]] [[cruise liner]] [[SS Deutschland (1900)|SS ''Deutschland'']] breaks the record for the [[Blue Riband]] on her maiden transatlantic voyage with an average speed of {{convert|22.4|kn|km/h}}.
* [[July 19]] – The first line of the [[Paris Métro]] opens.
* [[July 23]] – [[July 25|25]] – The [[First Pan-African Conference]] is held in London.
* [[July 29]] – King [[Umberto I of Italy]] is assassinated by [[Italians|Italian]]-born anarchist [[Gaetano Bresci]] in [[Monza]].

=== August ===
{{Main|August 1900}}
* [[August]] – The first ''[[Michelin Guide]]'' is published in France.<ref>"What's Observed in a Rating? Rankings as Orientation in the Face of Uncertainty", by Elena Esposito and David Stark, in ''The Performance Complex: Competition and Competitions in Social Life'', ed. by David Stark (Oxford University Press, 2020) p. 124.</ref>
* [[August 14]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]]: An international contingent of troops, under British command, invades [[Peking]] and frees the European hostages.

=== September ===
{{Main|September 1900}}
* [[September 8]] – The [[1900 Galveston hurricane]], killing around 8,000 people. It is the deadliest hurricane in U.S. history.
* [[September 12]] – Admiral [[Fredrik von Otter]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Sweden]].
* [[September 13]] – [[Philippine–American War]]: [[Battle of Pulang Lupa]] – Filipino resistance fighters defeat a detachment of American soldiers.
* [[September 17]] – [[Philippine–American War]]: [[Battle of Mabitac]] – Filipinos under [[Juan Cailles]] defeat the Americans.

=== October ===
{{Main|October 1900}}
* [[October 9]] – The [[Cook Islands]] become a territory of the United Kingdom.
* [[October 19]] – [[Max Planck]] first states [[Planck's law]] of [[black-body radiation]] to a meeting of the [[German Physical Society]] in Berlin, marking the birth of modern [[quantum mechanics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gamow|first=Max|title=Thirty Years that Shook Physics|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0486248950|year=1985}}</ref> He restates it on December 14.
* [[October 24]] – [[1900 United Kingdom general election]]: voting concludes with the [[Unionist government, 1895–1905|Unionist]]s led by the [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] re-elected.
* [[October 25]] – The United Kingdom annexes the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]].

===November===
{{Main|November 1900}}
* [[November 6]] – [[1900 United States presidential election]]: [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] incumbent [[William McKinley]] is re-elected by defeating [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] challenger [[William Jennings Bryan]] in a rematch.
* [[November 7]] – [[1900 Canadian federal election]]: [[Canadian Liberal Party|Liberal]] incumbent [[Sir Wilfrid Laurier]] is reelected by defeating [[Canadian Conservative Party|Conservative]] leader [[Sir Charles Tupper]] again after having done that in the [[1896 Canadian federal election]].
* [[November 29]] – [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Herbert Kitchener]] succeeds [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Frederick Roberts]] as commander-in-chief of the British forces in South Africa and implements a [[scorched earth]] strategy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pakenham|first=Thomas|title=The Boer War|publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers|year=1979|isbn=978-0868500461}}</ref>

=== December ===
{{Main|December 1900}}
* [[December 5]] – The final [[Anglo-Ashanti wars|Anglo-Ashanti War]], "[[War of the Golden Stool]]", is declared over. Most of the British troops and [[James Willcocks|Governor James Willcocks]] depart the city of [[Kumasi]].
* [[December 14]] – [[History of quantum mechanics]]: [[Max Planck]] presents his groundbreaking paper on [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] to the [[German Physical Society]] in [[Berlin]].
* [[December 16]] – The German training [[frigate]] ''[[SMS Gneisenau (1879)|Gneisenau]]'', with 450 naval cadets on board, sinks in a storm during exercises off of the Spanish coast at [[Málaga]], drowning 136.
* [[December 17]] – The [[Prix Guzman]], first and only prize ever offered for communication with [[extraterrestrial life]], is announced in [[Paris]]. A prize of 100,000 francs is provided, except for communication with [[Mars]], which is considered too easy.
* [[December 19]] – [[Hopetoun Blunder]]: The first [[Governor-General of Australia]], [[John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun]], appoints Sir [[William Lyne]] premier of the new state of [[New South Wales]], but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government, and is forced to resign.
* [[December 23]] – [[Reginald Fessenden]] makes the first use of [[amplitude modulation]] (the basis for [[AM broadcasting|AM radio]]) for wireless transmission of the human voice, from [[Cobb Island (Maryland)]].
* [[December 24]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]] Demands: The foreign powers present their 12 conditions for reform to the [[Qing dynasty|Chinese Imperial]] government, including the payment of a large indemnity.
* [[December 28]] – The first steel produced by [[electrometallurgy]] (from an electric furnace) is delivered.