Editing 1639 (section)

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* The [[Casiquiare canal]], a river forming a natural channel between the [[Amazon River]] and [[Orinoco River]] basins, is first encountered by Europeans, an expedition led by [[Pedro Teixeira]] and [[Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña]].
* French nobleman [[Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière]] obtains the [[Seigneurial system of New France|seigneurial]] title to the island of [[Montreal]] in [[New France]] (modern-day [[Quebec]]) in the name of the [[Société Notre-Dame de Montréal]] to establish a Roman Catholic [[Christian mission|mission]] to [[Evangelism|evangelize]] [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|indigenous peoples]].
* Russian [[Cossacks]] advance over the [[Urals]] to the Pacific, to [[Okhotsk]].
* ''[[Sakoku]]'', the [[Isolationism|isolationist]] [[foreign policy of Japan]], comes fully into effect. 
** [[Dejima]], an island trading post off [[Nagasaki]], becomes the only official port of trade allowed for [[Europeans]], with the multi-national [[United East Indies Company]] (''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'') as the only European party officially allowed. Trading parties from China, India and other places are still officially allowed, though the VOC will become the usual [[broker]] for them.
** Japanese wives and children of Dutch and British people from [[Hirado]] are sent to [[History of Jakarta#Dutch East India Company (1610–1800)|Batavia]] (Asian headquarters of the VOC, renamed [[Jakarta]] by the Japanese around three centuries later) on Dutch ships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hirado-net.com/english/history.html#mixed%20blood|title=平戸観光協会｜History|access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref> 
* The [[Treaty of Zuhab]] is signed between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman (Turkish) Empire]] and [[Safavid Persia]], delineating the modern [[Turkey]]-[[Iran]] and [[Iraq]]-Iran border lines.</onlyinclude>