Editing 1557 (section)

=== Date unknown ===
* Özdemir Pasha conquers the [[Red Sea]] port of [[Massawa]] for the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ogot |first1=Bethwell A. |title=Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century |date=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-435-94811-5 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dj9RRrvYjkC&dq=%C3%96zdemir+Pasha+Massawa+%221557%22&pg=PA145 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miran |first1=Jonathan |title=Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa |date=6 July 2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-22079-0 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&dq=%C3%96zdemir+Pasha+Massawa+%221557%22&pg=PA38 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* With the permission of the [[Ming dynasty]] government of [[Ming dynasty|China]], and for the benefit of both Western and Eastern merchants, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] settle in [[Macau]] (retroceded in [[1999]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tagliacozzo |first1=Eric |last2=Siu |first2=Helen F. |last3=Perdue |first3=Peter C. |title=Asia Inside Out |date=5 January 2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-59850-8 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-iaBQAAQBAJ&dq=portuguese+macau+ming+%221557%22&pg=PA90 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Direct Sino-Portuguese trade has existed since [[1513]], but this is the first official legal treaty port on traditional Chinese soil, that will form a long-term Western settlement.
* [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] becomes [[bankrupt]], throwing the German banking houses into chaos.<ref>{{cite book|last=Archer|first=Christon|title=World History of Warfare|location=Lincoln|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8032-4423-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch/page/251 251]|display-authors=etal|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch/page/251}}</ref>
* [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], is refounded by [[John Caius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/history|title=History – Gonville & Caius|date=October 15, 2012|publisher=Gonville & Caius College|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>
* The following schools are founded in [[Kingdom of England|England]]:
** [[Brentwood School (Brentwood)|Brentwood School]], [[Essex]], by Sir Antony Browne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beavan |first1=Charles |title=Reports of Cases in Chancery |date=1851 |publisher=William Benning and Co. |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTdHAQAAMAAJ&dq=Antony+Browne+Brentwood+School+%221557%22&pg=PA35 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brentwood History |url=https://www.brentwoodschool.co.uk/we-are-brentwood/brentwood-history |website=www.brentwoodschool.co.uk |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Hampton School]], [[Hampton, London]], by Robert Hammond.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cockburn |first1=J. S. |last2=King |first2=H. P. F. |last3=McDonnell |first3=K. G. T. |title=A History of the County of Middlesex: without special title |date=1969 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |page=298 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAQ5AQAAMAAJ&q=1557 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Repton School]], by [[John Port (the younger)|Sir John Port]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Book of the Repton Tercentenary. 1857 |date=1857 |publisher=Repton School |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWarE4SvWr4C&dq=repton+school+john+port+%221557%22&pg=PA41 |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wales|Welsh]]-born mathematician [[Robert Recorde]] publishes ''[[The Whetstone of Witte]]'' in [[London]], containing the first recorded use of the [[equals sign]], and the first use in [[English language|English]] of [[plus and minus signs]].<ref>{{cite book|author=H. S. Bennett|title=English Books and Readers 1475 to 1557: Being a Study in the History of the Book Trade from Caxton to the Incorporation of the Stationers' Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_EIgDPqXGcC&pg=PA114|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37988-5|pages=114}}</ref>
* [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] adventurer [[Hans Staden]] publishes a widely translated account of his detention by the [[Tupí people]] of [[Brazil]], {{Lang|de|Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen}} ("True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sá |first1=Lúcia |title=Rain Forest Literatures: Amazonian Texts and Latin American Culture |date=2004 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-4529-0677-5 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSss5qWjLt4C&dq=hans+staden+tupi+Warhaftige+Historia+und+beschreibung+eyner+Landtschafft+%221557%22&pg=PA93 |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude>