Editing 1299 (section)

==== Asia ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol invasion of India]]: [[Duwa|Duwa Khan]], Mongol ruler of the [[Chagatai Khanate]], sends his sons [[Qutlugh Khwaja]] and [[Duwa Temür]] with an army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly at [[Delhi]] itself. At the [[Yamuna|Jumna River]], Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeated [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]], and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols.<ref>Kishori Saran Lal (1968). ''History of the Khaljis (1290–1320)'', p. 156. Allahabad: The Indian Press. {{OCLC|685167335}}.</ref>
* [[February 25]] &ndash; Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to [[Gujarat]]. One part of the army under [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by [[Ulugh Khan]], marches from [[Sindh]] and attacks [[Jaisalmer]] along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of ''[[khums]]'' (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.<ref>Jackson, Peter (2003). ''The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History'', p. 195. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-54329-3}}.</ref><ref>Kishori Saran Lal (1968). ''History of the Khaljis (1290–1320)'', p. 88. Allahabad: The Indian Press. {{OCLC|685167335}}.</ref>
* Mongol invasion of India: [[Battle of Kili]]: Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey.<ref>Jackson, Peter (2003). ''The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History'', pp. 221–222. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-54329-3}}.</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; King [[Kyawswa of Pagan]] and his son, Crown Prince [[Theingapati]], are executed at [[Kyaukse District|Myinsaing]], by the three brothers of the [[Myinsaing Kingdom]] (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]] (since [[1297]]). 
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Osman I]] (or Othman) declares the [[Anatolian beyliks|Anatolian beylik]] (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk [[Sultanate of Rum]], originating the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with [[Söğüt]] as the capital, which will last until the [[1920s]].
* The [[Kingdom of Singapura]] is founded by [[Sang Nila Utama]], a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title ''Sri Tri Buana'' (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").<ref>Miksic John N. (2013). ''Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800'', p. 148. NUS Press. {{ISBN|978-9971695743}}.</ref>