Editing Mermaid (section)

=== Manufactured merfolk specimens ===
{{Main|Feejee mermaid}}
[[File:Feejee mermaid.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|[[P.T. Barnum]]'s [[Fiji mermaid]] (1842)]]
A celebrated example of mermaid hoax was the [[Fiji mermaid]] exhibited in London in 1822{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|This specimen had been on display inside a jar at the Turf Coffee-house, [[St James's Street|St. James's Street]] as illustrated in an etching of it was made by artist [[George Cruikshank]].}} and later in America by [[P. T. Barnum]] in 1842;{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Although the exhibitors called it "mermaid", the gender (as to the monkey port or fish part used) is probably unclear, and one newspaper renames it "Barnum's merman".<ref name="altick"/><ref name="webster-EB1891"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Babin |first=Tom |author-link=<!--Tom Babin--> |title=Up close and personal with the Banff Merman at the Banff Indian Trading Post |date=28 September 2012 |newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]] |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/close+personal+with+Banff+Merman+Banff+Indian+Trading+Post/7316708/story.html |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908061002/http://www.calgaryherald.com/close+personal+with+Banff+Merman+Banff+Indian+Trading+Post/7316708/story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Bondeson |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Bondeson |chapter=The Feejee mermaid |title=The Feejee mermaid and other essays in natural and unnatural history |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |year=1999 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4dXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |pages=x, 38–40 <!--36–63--> |isbn=0-801-43609-5}}</ref> in this case an investigator claims to have traced the mermaid's manufacture to a Japanese fisherman.{{sfnp|Bondeson|1999|pp=61–62}}

[[File:Baien-gyofu-033-ningyo-crop.jpg|thumb|An alleged ''ningyo'' or merman/mermaid specimen (side view) {{small|―Baien's sketch (1825)}}]]
Fake mermaids made in China and the [[Malay Archipelago]] out of monkey and fish parts were imported into Europe by Dutch traders since the mid-sixteenth century, and their manufactures are thought to go back earlier.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gudger |first=E. W. |author-link=<!-- Eugene Willis Gudger --> |title=Jenny Hanivers, Dragons and Basilisks in the Old Natural History Books and in Modern Times |journal=The Scientific Monthly |volume=38 |issue=6 |year=<!--Jun.-->1934 |page=512<!--511–523-->}} {{JSTOR|15490}}</ref> The manufacture of mermaids from monkey and fish parts also occurred in Japan, especially in the Kyūshū region,<ref name="aramata-map"/> as a souvenir industry targeting foreigners.<ref name="honma"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Marine biologist Hondo comments that the Japanese souvenirs tended to use a group of fish shaped like the ''suzuki'' ([[Japanese sea bass]]), and asserts that in Canton, China, the type of fish used were [[Cyprinidae|Cyprinids]] (carp family), ''[[Nibea]] mitsukurii'', and the [[giant mottled eel]].<ref name="honma"/> The mermaid drawn by Cruikshank (i.e., the Fiji mermaid) is speculated to be "concocted from a blue-faced monkey and a salmon".<ref name="patten"/>}} [[Mōri Baien]] painted full color illustrations of such a compositely manufactured ''[[ningyo]]'' specimen in his ichthyological tract (1825).<ref name="honma"/><ref name="mori_baien"/> For much of the Edo Period, [[Nagasaki]] (in Kyūshū) was the only trade port open to foreign countries, and the only place where non-Japanese aliens could reside. [[Jan Cock Blomhoff]], the [[Dutch East India Company]] director stationed in [[Dejima]], Nagasaki is known to have acquired merfolk mummies; these and other specimens are now held in the [[National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)|National Museum of Ethnology]] in [[Leiden]], Netherlands.{{sfnp|Viscardi|Hollinshead|MacFarlane|Moffat|2014|p=102}}{{sfnp|Yamaguchi|2010|p=98}}<ref name="miyazaki"/>

[[File:Mashhad museum PARI DARYAEI.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|A mummified "[[Sea devil (disambiguation)|Sea Devil]]" ({{langx|fa|شیطان دریا}}) fish, [[Mashhad]] Museum, Iran.]]
The equivalent industry in Europe was the [[Jenny Haniver]] made from dried rays.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ley |first=Willy |author-link=Willy Ley |title=Basilisk and Jenny Haniver |journal=4H-Horizons |volume=3 |year=1939 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSNGAAAAYAAJ&q="Jenny+Haniver" |page=22}}; reprinted in ''The Lungfish, the Dodo, and the Unicorn'' (New York: Viking, 1948), pp. 57–66: "And then there existed a European equivalent to the Eastern Mermaid, the 'Jenny Haniver' &nbsp;..."</ref>

In the middle of the seventeenth century, [[John Tradescant the elder]] created a [[wunderkammer]] (called Tradescant's Ark) in which he displayed, among other things, a "mermaid's hand".<ref>{{cite book|last=Yanni|first= Carla |title =Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display|year=2005|publisher= Princeton Architectural Press|location=New York|isbn=1-56898-472-3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nT3hJxTKoeEC&pg=PA20 |edition=1st pbk. | page=20}}</ref>