Editing Manchu language (section)

==== Negation ====
According to Gorelova, neither the finite verb forms nor the converbs have special negative forms; only the participle does. If a verb or converb need to be negated, a participle must be used instead of them.<ref>Gorelova 2002, 262; Haenisch 1986, 58f.</ref> The participle is negated by a combination with the word ''akū'' "not be (here)": thus, literally, "I am-not doing-X". Still, Möllendorff (1892) does give an example of the negation of an indicative form with ''akū'' "not (be)": ''bi gisurembi akū'' "I don't speak".<ref name="Möllendorff 1892, 10"/> The particle may be translated with the Chinese particles ''wú'' {{lang|zh-Hant|無}}, ''bù'' {{lang|zh-Hant|不}}, ''wèi'' {{lang|zh-Hant|未}}, ''méiyǒu'' {{lang|zh-Hant|沒有}}.

===== Negation with ''akū'' =====
The word ''akū'' "is not" is the most universal negator in Manchu. It is a negative copula: ''mangga'' ''akū "''it is not difficult". It can negate existence: ''etuku akū'' "there is no clothing." It may also negate attributes, as in ''dutu akū'' "not deaf", and it may express the meaning "without": ''gūnin akū niyalma<u>,</u>'' lit. "a person without brains", i.e. "a stupid person".<ref>Gorelova (2002: 373)</ref>

The participle suffixes ''-ra/-re/-ro'' merge with ''akū'' into ''-rakū'', ''-ha/-ho'' into ''-hakū'' and ''-he'' into ''-hekū'': ''arahaku'' "not have written", ''genehekū'', ''genehakū'' "not have gone"; ''ararakū'' "not (be going to) write", ''generakū'' "not (be going to) go“.<ref name="Möllendorff 1892, 10"/>

Accordingly, the negated forms of perfect indicative ''-habi/-hebi/-hobi'', which contain the perfect participle in ''-ha/he/ho,'' end in ''-hakūbi/-hekūbi''. There are certain irregular forms: ''sambi'' "know" – ''sarkū'' "don't know", ''dabahakū'' "has not exceeded“, ''jihekū'' "has not come".

The negated participles are often followed by converb forms of the auxiliary verbs ''bimbi'' "be", ''ombi'' "become" or ''sembi'' "say":<ref>Gorelova 2002, 284</ref>
{{interlinear|te gaija-r-akū o-ci gūwa gai-ka de sini dolo ume ehe gūni-he|now take-PTCP.IMPERF-NEG become-CVB.COND other take-PTCP.PERF DAT you.GEN inside PTCL.PROH bad think-PTCP.PERF|"If you don't take it now and somebody else does, don't hold it against him!“
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The negated form of the conditional converb here is the construction ''gaijirakū oci'' ("if ... doesn't take").

The suffixes ''-ci'', ''-fi'' and ''-ngge'' are placed after ''-akū'' : ''ararakū'''ci'''''  "if he doesn't write", ''ararakū'''fi'''''  "doesn't write and", "not having written", ''ararakū'''ngge'''''  "the one who does not write", ''bisirakū'''ngge'''''  "those who aren't here" (Chinese ''bù zài de'' {{lang|zh-Hant|不在的}}).<ref name="Möllendorff 1892, 10"/>

The word ''akū'' alone can take other suffixes, too: ''bi akū'''mbi'''''  "I am not". A double negation in ''-akūngge akū'' (Chinese ''wú bù'' {{lang|zh-Hant|無不}}) is also possible: ''serakūngge akū'' "nothing unsaid", "he says everything".<ref name="Möllendorff 1892, 10"/>

The word ''umai'', which seems to consist of the prohibitative particle ''ume'' and the pronoun ''ai'' "what", may be used before ''akū'' and seems to enhance its negative sense, as seen in the example ''umai niyalma'' ''akū'' "no persons (at all) are there".<ref name="Möllendorff 1892, 10"/>

===== Negation with ''waka'' =====
The particle ''waka'' is used predominantly as a negative copula. Examples are ''bi waka aniya kai'' "I am not (at fault), it is the (bad) year", ''inu ja baita waka'' "this is not a simple matter".

===== Negation with ''unde'' =====
The word ''unde'' "not yet" is placed after the imperfect participle in ''-ra/-re/-ro'' at the end of the clause: ''jidere unde'' "(he) has not come yet", ''bi sabure unde'' "I have not seen it yet".<ref>Gorelova 2002, 261; Möllendorff 1892, 10.</ref>

===== Apprehension =====
The imperfect participle can be combined with ''-hū'' to produce a form that expresses apprehension/fear (''participium metuendi''; cf. Mongolian ''-ujai''): ''jidera'''hū''''' "If only he doesn't come“. 
{{interlinear|ama eme damu nime-rahū se-me jobo-mbi|father mother only ill-PTCP(NEG) say-CVB.IMPERF worry-IMPERF|"My only worry is that father and mother might get ill."
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Gorelova believes that this form is originally identical to the negation of the imperfect participle in -''ra-(a)kū.''<ref>Gorelova (2002: 274)</ref>