Editing Death by burning (section)

==Modern burnings==
In the modern era, deaths by burning are largely [[extrajudicial killings|extrajudicial]] in nature. These killings may be committed by mobs, small numbers of criminals, or [[paramilitary]] groups.

===The Holocaust and German war crimes===
In 1941, Polish natives—in cooperation with German police—locked 340 Jews in a barn and set it on fire during the [[Jedwabne pogrom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=On This Day: Poles kill 340 Jews in Jedwabne pogrom 81 years ago |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-711642 |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |date=10 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> During the 1943 [[Khatyn massacre]], the [[Dirlewanger Brigade|SS-Sonderbataillon Dirlewanger]] and the [[Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118]]—a Germany-sponsored battalion of Ukrainian partisans—locked 149 villagers into a shed and set it on fire.<ref name="ZurGeschichte">Zur Geschichte der Ordnungspolizei 1936–1942, Teil II, Georg Tessin, Dies Satbe und Truppeneinheiten der Ordnungspolizei, Koblenz 1957, s. 172–173</ref><ref name="Grenkevich">{{cite book | author =Leonid D. Grenkevich |author2=David M. Glantz | title =The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis | year =1999 | pages =133–134 | publisher =Routledge | location =London | isbn =0714648744 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=spJ4XXyBHewC&q=%22Khatyn+massacre%22&pg=PA133|author2-link=David M. Glantz }}</ref><ref>Per A. Rudling, "Terror and Local Collaboration in Occupied Belorussia: The Case of Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118. Part One: Background", Historical Yearbook of the Nicolae Iorga History Institute (Bucharest) 8 (2011), pp. 202–203</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 July 2018|title="Khatyn" – The tragedy of Khatyn |url=https://www.khatyn.by/en/tragedy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192111/https://www.khatyn.by/en/tragedy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2018|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref> The [[Jewish Restitution Successor Organization|World Jewish Restitution Organisation]] reported to ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' that the German staff of [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] burnt children alive in 1944.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Auschwitz children 'burnt alive' |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/auschwitz-children-burnt-alive-1.179084 |access-date=10 May 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> In another 1944 atrocity, the [[Waffen SS]] [[Oradour-sur-Glane massacre|locked 452 French women and children in a church and set it on fire.]] German prosecutors charged an alleged perpetrator of that massacre in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2014 |title=Former SS soldier, 88, charged over 1944 village massacre in France |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-nazi-massacre-idUSBREA071G320140108 |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref> SS-{{lang|de|[[Sturmbannführer]]}} Adolf Diekmann—commander of the 1st Battalion, 4th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment—ordered the massacre, claiming retaliation against French partisans for burning SS-''Sturmbannführer'' Helmut Kämpfe alive.<ref name="ddef">{{cite book|title=Defenders of Fortress Europe: The Untold Story of the German Officers During the Allied Invasion|first=Samuel W.|last= Mitcham|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|year= 2009|isbn= 978-1597972741|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CpLfa-OjX9EC&dq=Helmut+K%C3%A4mpfe+body&pg=PT81 66]}}</ref> In April 1945, the [[SS-Totenkopfverbände|SS camp guards]] of [[Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp|Dora-Mittelbau]]—along with local civilian and military authorities—[[Gardelegen massacre|set a barn on fire with more than a thousand inmates trapped inside.]]<ref>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (n.d.). Gardelegen. United States holocaust memorial museum. Retrieved 14 August 2022, from https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/gardelegen</ref>

===Revenge against Germans===
[[Benjamin B. Ferencz]], one of the prosecutors in the [[Nuremberg trials]] after the end of [[World War II]] who, in May 1945, investigated occurrences at the [[Ebensee concentration camp]], narrated them to Tom Hofmann, a family member and biographer. Ferencz was outraged at what the Germans had done there. When people discovered an SS guard who attempted to flee, they tied him to one of the metal trays used to transport bodies into the [[crematorium]]. They then lit the oven and slowly roasted the SS guard to death, taking him in and out of the oven several times. Ferencz said to Hofmann that at the time, he was in no position to stop the proceedings of the mob, and frankly admitted that he had not been inclined to try. Hofmann adds, "There seemed to be no limit to human brutality in wartime."<ref>''Hofmann'' (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JXZzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 p. 86]</ref>

===Lynching of Germans in Czechoslovakia===
During the post-World War II [[expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia]], a number of attacks against the German minority occurred. In one case in [[Prague]] in May 1945, a Czech mob hanged several Germans upside down on lampposts, doused them in fuel and set them on fire, burning them alive.<ref>Wilfried F. Schoeller: [http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/rueckkehr-in-die-verschollene-geschichte.700.de.html?dram:article_id=83403 ''Rückkehr in die verschollene Geschichte''] [[Deutschlandfunk]].de, 16 December 2007.</ref><ref>Gernot Facius: [https://www.welt.de/debatte/kolumnen/Meine-Woche/article6060701/Kleines-Wunder-an-der-Moldau.html ''Kleines Wunder an der Moldau''] ''[[Die Welt]]'', 10 November 2008.</ref><ref name="ullrich-demetz">[[Volker Ullrich]]: Acht Tage im Mai. Die letzte Woche des Dritten Reiches, Munich 2020, p. 159.</ref> The future literature scholar [[Peter Demetz]], who grew up in Prague, later reported on this.<ref name="ullrich-demetz"/>

===Japanese war crimes of WWII===
[[File:The decaying corpse of a person burned to death.jpg|thumb|The decaying corpse of a person burned to death in [[Hebei]], about 1938–1939]]
Immolation was a commonly reported execution method among [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Japanese troops]] during [[World War II]]. During the [[Nanjing Massacre]] after Japanese forces [[Battle of Nanking|captured the city of Nanjing in 1937]], immolation was a commonly used method of execution and brutality towards the Chinese people in Nanjing during the Imperial Japanese Army's occupation of the city.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/12/world/at-the-rape-of-nanking-a-nazi-who-saved-lives.html At the Rape of Nanking: A Nazi Who Saved Lives]</ref>

The most infamous case of the Imperial Japanese military utilizing this method of execution on Allied [[prisoners of war]] was the [[Palawan massacre]] in the [[Philippines]] in the midst of the [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|United States military's campaign to retake the Philippines]]. To prevent the rescue of the POWs by liberating American forces, the 150 American POWs in the Palawan prison camp; Camp 10-A<ref>[https://arsof-history.org/articles/v14n1_palawan_massacre_page_1.html Catalyst For Action: The Palawan Massacre]</ref> were herded into air raid shelters via [[Civil defense siren|air raid sirens]]. The Japanese guards, taking advantage of the POWs being confined in the shelters, then doused the shelter entrances with gasoline before lighting them on fire. They then fired a few shots into the entrances to hit the POWs standing near the entrances in order to use their bodies to trap the other POWs that were deeper inside the shelter and engulf them all in the inferno. Any POWs who did manage to dig themselves out of the trench and escape the flames were hunted down. At the end of the ordeal, only 11 POWs managed to escape to friendly lines.

===Extrajudicial burnings in Latin America===
In [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, burning people [[Necklacing|standing inside a pile of tires]] is a common form of murder used by drug dealers to punish those who have supposedly collaborated with the police. This form of burning is called ''micro-ondas'' (microwave oven).<ref>''Grellet'' (2010) [http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/740136-autorizado-a-visitar-familia-condenado-por-morte-de-tim-lopes-foge-da-prisao.shtml Autorizado a visitar família..]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fenapef.org.br/fenapef/noticia/index/17079|title=Polícia encontra 4 corpos que seriam de traficantes queimados com pneus|language=pt|work=O Globo|publisher=Federação Nacional dos Policiais Federais|date=18 September 2008|access-date=6 July 2013|location=Rio de Janeiro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925094951/http://www.fenapef.org.br/fenapef/noticia/index/17079|archive-date=25 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/pten/micro-ondas|title=micro-ondas|publisher=WordReference|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> The film ''Tropa de Elite'' (''[[Elite Squad]]'') and the video game ''[[Max Payne 3]]'' contain scenes depicting this practice.<ref name="A Revista Veja, o PT e as Tendências">''França'' (2002), [http://veja.abril.com.br/300102/p_094.html Como na Chicago de Capone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015082422/http://veja.abril.com.br/300102/p_094.html |date=15 October 2007 }}</ref>

During the [[Guatemalan Civil War]], the [[Guatemalan Army]] and security forces carried out an unknown number of extrajudicial killings by burning. In one instance in March 1967, Guatemalan [[guerrilla]] and poet [[Otto René Castillo]] was captured by Guatemalan government forces and taken to [[Zacapa]] army barracks alongside one of his comrades, Nora Paíz Cárcamo. The two were interrogated, tortured for four days, and burned alive.<ref>''Paige'' (1983), pp. 699–737</ref> Other reported instances of immolation by Guatemalan government forces occurred in the Guatemalan government's rural counterinsurgency operations in the [[Guatemalan Highlands|Guatemalan Altiplano]] in the 1980s. In April 1982, 13 members of a [[Qʼanjobʼal people|Qʼanjobʼal]] Pentecostal congregation in Xalbal, [[Ixcan]], were burnt alive in their church by the Guatemalan Army.<ref>''Garrard-Burnett'' (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=BXWwm7jo-hEC&pg=PA141 p. 141]</ref>

On 31 August 1996, a Mexican man, Rodolfo Soler Hernandez, was burned to death in [[Playa Vicente]], Mexico, after he was accused of raping and strangling a local woman to death. Local residents tied Hernandez to a tree, doused him in a flammable liquid and then set him ablaze. His death was also filmed by residents of the village. Shots taken before the killing showed that he had been badly beaten.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/111dfce7fad65c327bccd8abf93c3536 |date=5 September 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128080614/https://apnews.com/111dfce7fad65c327bccd8abf93c3536 |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=13 August 2011|title=Uproar in Mexico over footage of accused killer being burned alive |work=Associated Press News}}</ref> On 5 September 1996, Mexican television stations broadcast footage of the murder. Locals carried out the killing because they were fed up with crime and believed that the police and courts were both incompetent. Footage was also shown in the 1998 [[shockumentary]] film, [[Banned from Television]].

A young Guatemalan woman, Alejandra María Torres, was attacked by a mob in [[Guatemala City]] on 15 December 2009. The mob alleged that Torres had attempted to rob passengers on a bus. Torres was beaten, doused with gasoline, and set on fire, but was able to put the fire out before sustaining life-threatening burns. Police intervened and arrested Torres. Torres was forced to go topless throughout the ordeal and subsequent arrest, and many photographs were taken and published.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/vigilante-attack-idUSRTXRZM6|title=Alejandra María Torres|website=[[Reuters]]|date=18 December 2009 }}</ref> Approximately 219 people were lynched in Guatemala in 2009, of whom 45 died.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In May 2015, a sixteen-year-old girl was allegedly burned to death in [[Río Bravo, Suchitepéquez|Río Bravo]], Guatemala, by a vigilante mob after being accused of involvement in the killing of a taxi driver earlier in the month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/27/americas/guatemala-girl-burned-mob/index.html|title=Video of mob burning teen in Guatemala spurs outrage|author1=Annie Rose Ramos |author2=Catherine E. Shoichet |author3=Richard Beltran|date=27 May 2015|publisher=CNN|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

In [[Chile]] during public mass protests held against the military regime of General [[Augusto Pinochet]] on 2 July 1986, engineering student [[Carmen Gloria Quintana]], 18, and Chilean-American photographer [[Rodrigo Rojas de Negri]], 19, were arrested by a [[Chilean Army]] patrol in the [[Los Nogales]] neighborhood of [[Santiago]]. The two were searched and beaten before being doused in gasoline and burned alive by Chilean troops. Rojas was killed, while Quintana survived but with severe burns.<ref>Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1987–1988. Case # 01a/88; Case 9755. Chile, 12 September 1988.</ref>

===Lynchings and killings by burning in the United States===

[[File:Lynching of Jesse Washington, 1916 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Lynching of Jesse Washington]] in [[Waco, Texas]], on 15 May 1916. He was repeatedly lowered and raised onto a fire for about two hours.]]
Burnings continued as a method of [[lynching in the United States]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the [[Southern United States|South]]. One of the most notorious extrajudicial burnings in modern history occurred in [[Waco, Texas]] on 15 May 1916. [[Jesse Washington lynching|Jesse Washington]], an African-American [[farmhand]], after having been convicted of the rape and subsequent murder of a white woman, was taken by a mob to a bonfire, castrated, doused in [[coal oil]], and hanged by the neck from a chain over the bonfire, slowly burning to death. A postcard from the event still exists, showing a crowd standing next to Washington's charred corpse with the words on the back "This is the barbecue we had last night. My picture is to the left with a cross over it. Your son, Joe". This attracted international condemnation and is remembered as the "[[Waco Horror]]".<ref>''DuBois'' (1916), [http://dl.lib.brown.edu/pdfs/1292363091648500.pdf pp. 1–8] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131227153035/http://dl.lib.brown.edu/pdfs/1292363091648500.pdf Archive])</ref><ref>[[Wade Goodwyn|Goodwyn, Wade]]. "[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5401868 Waco Recalls a 90-Year-Old 'Horror']." ''[[National Public Radio]]''. 13 May 2006. ([https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5401868 Transcript of radio story])</ref>

More recently, during the 1980 [[New Mexico State Penitentiary riot]], a number of inmates were burnt to death by fellow prisoners, who threw flammable liquids into locked cells and ignited the fuel using [[blowtorch]]es.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/72933NCJRS.pdf |title=Report of the Attorney General on the February 2 and 3, 1980 Riot at the Penitentiary of New Mexico |last=Bingaman |first=Jeff |date=June 1980 |publisher=State of New Mexico Office of the Attorney General |page=26 |author-link=Jeff Bingaman }}</ref>

===Cases from Africa===
In [[South Africa]], [[extrajudicial]] executions by burning were carried out via "[[necklacing]]", wherein a mob would fill a rubber tire with [[kerosene]] (or gasoline) and place it around the neck of a live person. The fuel was then ignited, the rubber melted, and the victim burnt to death.<ref name=sanctions>[http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/docs/southafrica.htm U.S. Sanctions against South Africa, 1986] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014220823/http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/docs/southafrica.htm |date=14 October 2007 }}, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University. Retrieved 14 October 2007.</ref><ref name=hilton>Hilton, Ronald. [http://wais.stanford.edu/LatinAmerica/latinaDerivative worksmerica_latinamerica03102004.htm "Latin America]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", World Association of International Studies, Stanford University. Retrieved 14 October 2007.{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The method was most commonly used during the 1980s and early 1990s by anti-[[Apartheid]] opposition. In 1986, [[Winnie Mandela]], wife of the then-imprisoned ANC ([[African National Congress]]) leader [[Nelson Mandela]], stated, "With our boxes of matches, and our necklaces, we shall liberate this country", which was widely seen as an explicit endorsement of necklacing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela|publisher=South African History Online|date=17 February 2011|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 January 1989|last=Beresford|first=David |author-link=David Beresford (journalist) |access-date=1 May 2008}}</ref> This caused the ANC to initially distance itself from her,<ref name="africafiles">{{cite magazine|last=Meintjes |first=Sheila |title=Winnie Madikizela Mandela: Tragic Figure? Populist Tribune? Township Tough?|url=https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/210-808-4551/SAR13-4opt.pdf#page=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410054043/https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/210-808-4551/SAR13-4opt.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2021 |url-status=live|magazine=Southern Africa Report |volume=13|issue=4 |date=August 1998|pages=14–20 |issn=0820-5582|access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> although she later took on a number of official positions within the party.<ref name="africafiles"/>

It was reported that in [[Kenya]], on 21 May 2008, a mob had burned to death at least 11 accused [[witchcraft|witches]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL21301127|title=Mob burns to death 11 Kenyan 'witches'|first=Wangui|last=Kanina|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=21 May 2008|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

===Cases from the Middle East and Indian subcontinent===
Immolation was a common execution method for Armenian children, particularly orphans, with [[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman troops]] during the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>[https://medium.com/illumination-curated/the-children-were-burnt-alive-317d153678de The Children Were Burnt Alive]</ref> Armenian children would be herded into a building to a secluded area outside the city in batches, doused in gasoline, and lit on fire. This practice took place in [[Deir ez-Zor camps|Der Zor]], [[Harpoot|Kharpert]] and [[Diyarbakır|Diarbekir]] provinces, and most infamously, at a German run orphanage in [[Muş|Mush]].<ref>[http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/online_exhibition_3.php Armenian Children Victims of Genocide]</ref> 

[[Graham Staines|Dr Graham Stuart Staines]], an Australian Christian [[missionary]], and his two sons Philip (aged ten) and Timothy (aged six), were burnt to death by a gang while the three slept in the family car (a station wagon), at [[Manoharpur]] village in [[Keonjhar|Keonjhar District, Odisha, India]] on 22 January 1999. Four years later, in 2003, a [[Bajrang Dal]] activist, [[Dara Singh (Hindu nationalist)|Dara Singh]], was convicted of leading the gang that murdered Staines and his sons, and was sentenced to life in prison. Staines had worked in Odisha with the tribal poor and [[leprosy|lepers]] since 1965. Some Hindu groups made allegations that Staines had forcibly converted or lured many Hindus into [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/264326.stm|title=Missionary widow continues leprosy work|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=27 January 1999|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>''Sangvi'' (1999) [http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/08vir.htm A Kill Before Dying]</ref>

On 19 June 2008, the [[Taliban]], at Sadda, [[Lower Kurram]], Pakistan, burned three truck drivers of the [[Turi (Pashtun tribe)|Turi]] tribe alive after attacking a convoy of trucks en route from [[Kohat]] to [[Parachinar]], possibly for supplying the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In January 2015, Jordanian pilot [[Moaz al-Kasasbeh]] was burned in a cage by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIS). The pilot was captured when his plane crashed near [[Raqqa]], Syria, during a mission against IS in December 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31121160|title=Jordanian pilot 'burned alive' by IS|date=3 February 2015|access-date=20 October 2018|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> This became known on 4 February 2015 after ISIS published a 22-minute video online showing the burning of a Jordanian pilot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2015 |title=Burned Alive: ISIS Video Purports to Show Murder of Jordanian Pilot |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/burned-alive-isis-video-purports-show-murder-jordanian-pilot-n299361 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Woolf |first=Nicky |date=4 February 2015 |title=Fox News site embeds unedited Isis video showing brutal murder of Jordanian pilot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/feb/04/fox-news-shows-isis-video-jordan-pilot |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In August 2015, ISIS burned to death four Iraqi [[Shia]] prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|title=Isis releases graphic video showing four men burning alive in 'act of vengeance'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-releases-graphic-video-showing-four-shia-spies-being-burned-alive-in-anbar-iraq-10479626.html|work=The Independent|date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

In December 2016, [[Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin|ISIS burned to death two Turkish soldiers]],<ref>{{cite news|title=ISIL video shows 'Turkish soldiers burned alive'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/isil-burns-turkish-soldiers-alive-shocking-video-161223035619947.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=23 December 2016}}</ref> publishing video of the atrocity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heavy.com/news/2016/12/new-isis-islamic-state-amaq-news-cross-shield-syrian-arab-army-russian-turkey-turkish-soldiers-burned-to-death-execution-wilayat-halab-aleppo-syria-video/|title= New ISIS Video Burns 2 Caged Turkish Soldiers to Death in Aleppo|publisher=Heavy|date=22 December 2016|author=S. J. Prince|format=video}} The victims are shown burning to death in the last three minutes of the film.</ref>

=== Bride-burning ===
{{main|Bride burning}}
'''Bride burning''' is a form of [[domestic violence]] involving burning. The wife is typically doused with [[kerosene]], [[gasoline]], or other flammable liquid, and set alight, leading to death by fire. Kerosene is often used as the cooking fuel for small petrol stoves, some of which being dangerous, so it allows the claim that the crime was an accident.

On 20 January 2011, a 28-year-old woman, Ranjeeta Sharma, was found burning to death on a road in rural [[New Zealand]]. The police confirmed the woman was alive before being covered in an accelerant and set on fire.<ref name="Stuff.co.nz_4573912">''Feek'' (2011), [http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/4573912/Burnt-body-victim-named-as-search-goes-offshore Burnt body victim named]</ref> Sharma's husband, Davesh Sharma, was charged with her murder.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10702860">{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10702860|title=Husband of burnt woman charged with murder|date=29 January 2011|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>