Editing Xenophobia (section)

=== Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
{{Main|Racism in Australia}}
[[File:1910 White Australia badge.png|thumb|150px|This badge from 1910 was produced by the [[Australian Natives' Association]], comprising Australian-born whites.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary |title=Australian Natives Association Centenary – Monument Australia |website=monumentaustralia.org.au |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701191748/http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>See [http://museumvictoria.com.au/learning-federation/white-australia/medal---australia-for-australians/ Museum Victoria description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105150237/http://museumvictoria.com.au/learning-federation/white-australia/medal---australia-for-australians/ |date=5 January 2016 }}</ref>]]
The [[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]] ([[White Australia policy]]) effectively barred people of non-European descent from [[Immigration to Australia|immigrating to Australia]].<ref>F. S. Stevens, ''Racism: The Australian Experience- A study of Race Prejudice in Australia, Vol. 1: Prejudice and Xenophobia'' (1971).</ref>  There was never any specific policy titled "White Australia."  The term was invented later to encapsulate a collection of policies that were designed to exclude people from Asia (particularly China) and the [[Pacific Islands]] (particularly [[Melanesia]]) from immigrating to Australia.<ref>Myra Willard, '' History of the White Australia policy to 1920'' (Psychology Press, 1967)  pp.1–7.</ref><ref>N. B. Nairn, "A Survey of the History of the White Australia Policy in the 19th Century," ''The Australian Quarterly'' 28#3 (1956), pp. 16-31 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/41317792 online] </ref>

The [[Menzies government (1949–1966)|Menzies]] and [[Holt government]]s effectively dismantled the policies between 1949 and 1966 and the [[Whitlam government]] passed laws to ensure that race would be totally disregarded as a component for immigration to Australia in 1973.<ref name="immi.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition |title=Fact Sheet – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy |work=Australian Immigration |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia, National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Citizenship |access-date=27 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131355/http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition |archive-date=19 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[2005 Cronulla riots]] were a series of [[race riots]] and outbreaks of [[mob violence]] in Sydney's southern suburb [[Cronulla]] which resulted from strained relations between [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] and (predominantly Muslim) [[Lebanese Australians]]. Travel warnings for Australia were issued by some countries but were later removed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gender, Race and National Identity: Nations of Flesh and Blood |last=Hogan |first=Jackie |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-17406-5 |pages=152–153}}</ref> In December 2005, a fight broke out between a group of [[Surf Life Saving Club|volunteer surf lifesavers]] and Lebanese youth. These incidents were considered to be a key factor in a [[Hate crime|racially motivated]] confrontation the following weekend.<ref name=hazard>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/ep38cronulla1.pdf |title=Strike Force Neil, Cronulla Riots, Review of the Police Response Media Component Volume 1 of 4 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=3 October 2012 |format=PDF-19.4 Mb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110235157/http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/ep38cronulla1.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Violence spread to other southern suburbs of Sydney, where more assaults occurred, including two stabbings and attacks on ambulances and police officers.<ref name="4corners">{{cite episode |title=Riot and Revenge |date=13 March 2006 |credits=[[Liz Jackson]] (presenter) |transcript=Transcript |transcript-url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2006/s1590953.htm |url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2006/s1590953.htm |series=Four Corners |series-link=Four Corners (Australian TV program) |network=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |season=2006 |access-date=25 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102055516/http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2006/s1588360.htm |archive-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 30 May 2009, Indian students protested against what they claimed were racist attacks, blocking streets in central [[Melbourne, Victoria|Melbourne]]. Thousands of students gathered outside the [[Royal Melbourne Hospital]] where one of the victims was admitted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/indians-abroad/18-Indians-detained-for-breaching-Australia-peace-rally/articleshow/4602328.cms |title=18 Indians detained for breaching Australia peace rally |work=The Times of India |date=1 June 2009}}</ref> In light of this event, the Australian Government started a [[Helpline]] for Indian students to report such incidents.<ref>{{cite web |last=Topsfield |first=Jewel |title=Helpline thrown to Indian students |website=The Age |date=11 May 2009 |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/helpline-thrown-to-indian-students-20090511-b0mt.html |access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, [[Navi Pillay]], termed these attacks "disturbing" and called for Australia to investigate the matters further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_un-asks-australia-to-investigate-root-cause-of-attacks-on-indian_1355539 |title=UN asks Australia to investigate 'root cause' of attacks on Indian |work=dna |access-date=24 January 2015}}</ref>