Editing Serotonin (section)

==History and etymology==
It had been known to physiologists for over a century that a vasoconstrictor material appears in serum when blood was allowed to clot.<ref name="Anthony_1984">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anthony M | title = Serotonin antagonists | journal = Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 888–895 | date = December 1984 | pmid = 6398056 | doi = 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1984.tb03802.x | s2cid = 28327178 }}</ref> In 1935, Italian [[Vittorio Erspamer]], working in Pavia, showed an extract from enterochromaffin cells made intestines contract. Some believed it contained [[adrenaline]], but two years later, Erspamer was able to show it was a previously unknown [[amine]], which he named "enteramine".<ref name="Erspamer_1954">{{cite journal | vauthors = Erspamer V | title = Pharmacology of indole-alkylamines | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 425–487 | date = December 1954 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-6997(25)07372-7 | pmid = 13236482 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17526278">{{cite journal | vauthors = Negri L | title = [Vittorio Erspamer (1909-1999)] | journal = Medicina Nei Secoli | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 97–113 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17526278 | url = https://www.medicinaneisecoli.it/index.php/MedSecoli/article/view/491 }}</ref> In 1948, [[Maurice M. Rapport]], [[Arda Green]], and [[Irvine Page]] of the [[Cleveland Clinic]] discovered a vasoconstrictor substance in [[blood plasma|blood serum]], and since it was a serum agent affecting vascular tone, they named it serotonin.<ref name="pmid18100415">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rapport MM, Green AA, Page IH | title = Serum vasoconstrictor, serotonin; isolation and characterization | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 176 | issue = 3 | pages = 1243–1251 | date = December 1948 | pmid = 18100415 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57137-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In 1952, enteramine was shown to be the same substance as serotonin, and as the broad range of physiological roles was elucidated, the abbreviation 5-HT of the proper chemical name 5-hydroxytryptamine became the preferred name in the pharmacological field.<ref name="pmid13035756">{{cite journal | vauthors = Feldberg W, Toh CC | title = Distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, enteramine) in the wall of the digestive tract | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 119 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 352–362 | date = February 1953 | pmid = 13035756 | pmc = 1392800 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004850 }}</ref> Synonyms of serotonin include: 5-hydroxytriptamine, enteramine, substance DS, and 3-(β-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxyindole.<ref>SciFinder – Serotonin Substance Detail. Accessed (4 November 2012).{{full citation needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> In 1953, [[Betty Twarog]] and Page discovered serotonin in the central nervous system.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Twarog BM, Page IH | title = Serotonin content of some mammalian tissues and urine and a method for its determination | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 175 | issue = 1 | pages = 157–161 | date = October 1953 | pmid = 13114371 | doi = 10.1152/ajplegacy.1953.175.1.157 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Page regarded Erspamer's work on ''[[Octopus vulgaris]]'', ''[[Discoglossus pictus]]'', ''[[Hexaplex trunculus]]'', ''[[Bolinus brandaris]]'', ''[[Sepia (cephalopod)|Sepia]]'', ''[[Mytilus (bivalve)|Mytilus]]'', and ''[[Ostrea]]'' as valid and fundamental to understanding this newly identified substance, but regarded his earlier results in various models – especially those from rat blood – to be too confounded by the presence of other bioactive chemicals, including some other [[vasoactives]].<ref name="Page-1954">{{cite journal | vauthors = Page IH | title = Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) | journal = Physiological Reviews | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 563–588 | date = July 1954 | pmid = 13185755 | doi = 10.1152/physrev.1954.34.3.563 | publisher = [[American Physiological Society]] | author-link = Irvine Page }}</ref>