Editing Organized crime (section)

====Alien conspiracy/queer ladder of mobility====
{{main|Jewish-American organized crime}}
The alien conspiracy theory and queer ladder of mobility theories state that ethnicity and 'outsider' status (immigrants, or those not within the dominant ethnocentric groups) and their influences are thought to dictate the prevalence of organized crime in society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/search|title=Virtual Library Search|website=Office of Justice Programs}}</ref>  The alien theory posits that the contemporary structures of organized crime gained prominence during the 1860s in [[Sicily]] and that elements of the Sicilian population are responsible for the foundation of most European and North American organized crime,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lyman & Potter|title=Organized Crime and the Drug Trade (From Drugs and Society: Causes, Concepts and Control)|journal=Criminal Justice Policy Review|date=2011|volume=22|issue=2|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=177133|id={{NCJ|177133}}|access-date=2011-06-07|archive-date=2018-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184254/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=177133|url-status=dead}}</ref> made up of Italian-dominated crime families. Bell's theory of the 'queer ladder of mobility' hypothesized that '[[Ethnic succession theory|ethnic succession]]' (the attainment of power and control by one more marginalized ethnic group over other less marginalized groups) occurs by promoting the perpetration of criminal activities within a disenfranchised or oppressed demographic. Whilst early organized crime was dominated by the [[Irish Mob]] (early 1800s), they were relatively substituted by the [[Sicilian Mafia]] and [[Italian-American Mafia]], the [[Aryan Brotherhood]] (1960s onward), Colombian [[Medellín Cartel]] and [[Cali cartel]] (mid-1970s - 1990s), and more recently the Mexican [[Tijuana Cartel]] (late 1980s onward), Mexican [[Los Zetas]] (late 1990s to onward), the [[Russian Mafia]] (1988 onward), terrorism-related organized crime [[Al-Qaeda]] (1988 onward), the [[Taliban]] (1994 onward), and [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) (2010s to onward). Many argue this misinterprets and overstates the role of ethnicity in organized crime.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bovenkerk|title=Organized crime and ethnic reputation manipulation|journal=Crime, Law and Social Change|date=2003|volume=39|issue=1|doi=10.1023/A:1022499504945|pages=23–38|s2cid=140412285}}</ref>  A contradiction of this theory is that syndicates had developed long before large-scale Sicilian immigration in the 1860s, with these immigrants merely joining a widespread phenomenon of crime and corruption.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schloenhart|first=A|title=Organized crime and the business of migrant trafficking|journal=Crime, Law and Social Change|date=1999|volume=32|issue=3|doi=10.1023/A:1008340427104|pages=203–233|s2cid=151997349}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Paoli|title=The paradoxes of organized crime|journal=Crime, Law and Social Change|date=2002|volume=37|issue=1|doi=10.1023/A:1013355122531|pages=51–97|s2cid=153414741|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/202701}} {{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dwight|title=Mafia: The Prototypical Alien Conspiracy|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|date=1976|volume=423|issue=1|pages=75–88|doi=10.1177/000271627642300108|s2cid=145638748}}</ref>