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===Government and politics=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|author-link1=Hassan Abbas (scholar)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-46328-3|page=148}} * {{cite book|last1=Adibelli|first1=Barış|last2=Gülbaş|first2=Elif|last3=Keskin|first3=Ghulam Faroq|last4=Ünlü|first4=Hayati|last5=Türkmen|first5=Hediye Gamze|last6=Şahin|first6=H. Hilal|last7=Ansari|first7=Mohammed Javed|last8=Islam|first8=Nazmul|last9=Aslan|first9=Ömer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhq4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|title= South Asia Country Analyses: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|date=15 December 2022|publisher=South Asia Strategic Research Center|pages=131–132|isbn=978-605-72072-1-0|access-date=21 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Adibelli et al.|2022}}}} * {{cite web|last1=Afridi|first1=Jamal|last2=Bajoria|first2=Jayshree|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-pakistan-relations|title=China-Pakistan Relations|date=6 July 2010|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=14 August 2024}} * {{citation|last1=Ahmad|first1=Dawood|last2=Asif|first2=Aizaz|title=A Guide to Understanding the Budget in Pakistan|date=June 2007|url=https://www.pips.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/004.A-Guide_to_Understanding_the_Budget_in_Pakistan_English.pdf|page=12|website=[[Parliament of Pakistan]]|access-date=10 July 2024}} * {{cite journal|last1=Ahmed|first1=Zahid Shahab|last2=Zahoor|first2=Musharaf|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14662043.2019.1575032|title=Bangladesh-Pakistan relations: hostage to a traumatic past|journal=[[Commonwealth & Comparative Politics]]|volume=57|number=1|pages=31–51|issn=0306-3631|date=17 February 2019|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/14662043.2019.1575032|access-date=17 November 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0W51yRD0GwC|title=Friends Near Home: Pakistan's Strategic Security Options|page=|date=27 November 2006|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] UK|location=[[Islamabad]]|isbn=978-1-4670-1541-7|access-date=30 July 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Arora|editor-first1=Ranjana|editor-last2=Grover|editor-first2=Verinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofRtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA189|title=Political System in Pakistan: The Islamic state of Pakistan: role of religion in politics|year=1995|publisher=Deep & Deep|pages=189|isbn=978-81-7100-737-0|access-date=24 August 2024}} * {{cite book|author1=Asia Watch Committee (U.S.)|author-link1=Asia Watch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIUwZ4aVM8AC&pg=PA17|title=Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan|year=1992|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|page=17|isbn=978-1-56432-063-6|access-date=20 July 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Sadaf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-lBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|title=The Constitution of Pakistan: A Contextual Analysis|pages=94–95|date=11 January 2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-5099-1912-3|access-date=6 July 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Babayev|editor-first1=Azer|editor-last2=Schoch|editor-first2=Bruno|editor-last3=Spanger|editor-first3=Hans-Joachim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwiZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA286|title=The Nagorno-Karabakh Deadlock: Insights from Successful Conflict Settlements|date=2 May 2019|publisher=[[Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden]]|page=286|isbn=978-3-658-25199-4|access-date=11 August 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Bartholomees|editor-first1=J. Boone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FnE4QxrWogC&pg=PA247|title=U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues: National security policy and strategy|year=2008|publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]]|page=247|isbn=978-1-58487-357-0 |access-date=1 October 2024}} * {{citation|last1=Basharat|first1=Iqra|author-link1=|title=Diplomatic Evolution: Pakistan's Transition from Neutrality to Mediation in the Saudi-Iran Rivalry [2015-2023] Section: BSIR-A|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376595410|date=17 December 2023|work=[[International Islamic University]]|access-date=23 August 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Berg|first1=Eiki|last2=Kursani|first2=Shpend|author-link1=Eiki Berg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJZOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|title=De Facto States and Land-for-Peace Agreements: Territory and Recognition at Odds?|date=21 December 2021|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-51859-7|access-date=9 August 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Berman|editor-first1=Evan M.|editor-last2=Sabharwal|editor-first2=Meghna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA424|title=Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan|date=25 September 2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=424|isbn=978-1-351-55266-0|access-date=23 July 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Bhattacharyya|editor-first1=Rituparna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EunAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|title=Genocides and Xenophobia in South Asia and Beyond: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Known, Lesser-known and Unknown Crime of Crimes|date=7 July 2023|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-90434-5|access-date=31 August 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Bloor|first1=Kevin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74OzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT291|title=Global Politics|date=9 March 2023|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] UK|isbn=979-8-8230-8099-6|access-date=4 July 2024}} * {{cite web|last1=Bruno|first1=Greg|last2=Bajoria|first2=Jayshree|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-pakistan-military-cooperation|title=U.S-Pakistan Military Cooperation|date=26 June 2008|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=4 November 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Buzan|first1=Barry|year=2004|title=The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|isbn=978-0-7456-3374-9|pages=71, 99}} * {{cite book|last1=Buzan|first1=Barry|last2=Waever|first2=Ole|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3LfkrrNM4QC&pg=PA55|title=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-89111-0|page=55}} * {{cite web|author=Center for Preventive Action|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan|title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan|date=9 April 2024|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=19 November 2024|ref={{harvid|Center for Preventive Action|2024}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Chakma|first1=Bhumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTbOO0gVgR0C|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons|date=12 October 2012|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-134-13254-6|access-date=31 July 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Chakma|editor-first1=Bhumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmmoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=South Asia in Transition: Democracy, Political Economy and Security|date=25 June 2014|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|page=270|isbn=978-1-137-35664-2|access-date=4 July 2024|ref={{harvid|B. Chakma|2014}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_jan02chb01.html|title=Pakistan: Impact of Islamic Socialism|journal=[[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|Strategic Analysis]]|volume=26|pages=27–47|number=1|issn=0970-0161|date=January–March 2002|doi=10.1080/09700160208450024|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|access-date=5 July 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PR2|title=Pakistan, Islamisation, Army and Foreign Policy|pages=42|year=2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-548-7}} *<!--CIA-->{{cite book|author1=United States Central Intelligence Agency|author-link1=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxISEYzcpZcC|title=India--Pakistan Border Kashmir Area (map)|year=1988|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=27 August 2024|ref={{harvid|CIA|1988}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=Clary|first1=Christopher|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/62/5-6/838/194531/Russia-Pakistan-Relations-and-the-Constraints-of|title=Russia–Pakistan Relations and the Constraints of Geoeconomics|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=62|number=5–6|pages=838–865|issn=0004-4687|date=31 October 2022|doi=10.1525/as.2022.1801312|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|access-date=7 August 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Cochrane|first1=Iain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2_FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37|title=The Causes of the Bangladesh War|date=29 December 2009|publisher=[[Lulu.com]]|isbn=978-1-4452-4043-5|access-date=19 July 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen P.|author-link1=Stephen P. Cohen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-tob7aEr7AC&pg=PA123|title=The Future of Pakistan|page=123|date=October 2011|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|isbn=978-0-8157-2181-9|access-date=12 August 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Cordesman|first1=Anthony H.|author-link1=Anthony Cordesman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA139|title=Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia|pages=139–140|year=1987|publisher=[[Croom Helm]]|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1}} *<!--CRS-->{{citation|title=Pakistan's Domestic Political Setting|date=2 November 2023|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10359/31|work=[[Congressional Research Service]]|access-date=6 July 2024|ref={{harvid|CRS|2023}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Alexander E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqy-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=The Geopolitics of Melting Mountains: An International Political Ecology of the Himalaya|page=83|date=12 May 2023|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|location=[[Singapore]]|isbn=978-981-9916-81-8|access-date=27 July 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=de Coning|editor-first1=Cedric|editor-last2=Aoi|editor-first2=Chiyuki|editor-last3=Karlsrud|editor-first3=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|title=UN Peacekeeping Doctrine in a New Era: Adapting to Stabilisation, Protection and New Threats|date=20 February 2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=157–158|isbn=978-1-315-39693-4|access-date=29 December 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=DeRouen|editor-first1=Karl R.|editor-last2=Heo|editor-first2=Uk|editor-link2=Uk Heo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6jOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA579|title=Defense and Security: A Compendium of National Armed Forces and Security Policies|year=2005|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|pages=579|isbn=978-1-85109-786-9 |access-date=1 October 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Dhulipala|first1=Venkat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-316-25838-5|access-date=15 July 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Diamantides|editor-first1=Marinos|editor-last2=Gearey|editor-first2=Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|title=Islam, Law and Identity|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=196–198|date=8 August 2011|isbn=978-1-136-67565-2|access-date=20 July 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Dorsey|first1=James M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csRlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|title=China and the Middle East: Venturing Into the Maelstrom|page=180|date=19 July 2018|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|isbn=978-3-319-64355-7|access-date=19 August 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Dowding|editor-first1=Keith|editor-last2=Dumont|editor-first2=Patrick|editor-link1=Keith Dowding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UStHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|title=The Selection of Ministers Around the World|date=13 August 2014|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=120|isbn=978-1-317-63445-4|access-date=7 July 2024}} * {{cite web|last1=Ejaz|first1=Noor|url=https://rsilpak.org/2022/the-gilgit-baltistan-constitutional-crisis/|title=The Gilgit Baltistan Constitutional Crisis|year=2022|website=Research Society of International Law|access-date=13 July 2024}} *<!--Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta-->{{cite web|url=https://malta.mid.ru/en/embassy/press-centre/news/press_release_on_the_2022_annual_summit_of_the_shangai_cooperation_organisation/|title=Press Release on the 2022 annual summit of the Shangai Cooperation Organisation|date=19 September 2022|work=Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta|access-date=2 August 2024|ref={{harvid|Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta|2022}}}} * {{cite news|last1=Endrst|first1=Jeff|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19650908&id=9wwvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7266,2323319&hl=en|title=Kashmir Old Headache For U.N.|date=8 September 1965|work=[[The Pittsburgh Press]]|access-date=31 August 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Esposito|editor-first1=John L.|author-link1=John Esposito|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA242|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|date=15 May 2003|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=242|isbn=978-0-19-975726-8|access-date=15 July 2024}} *<!--Establishment Division-->{{citation|title=A Manual on Appointment, Promotion and Transfer|year=2013|url=https://establishment.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/Appoint%2013-02-2019.pdf|work=[[Establishment Division]]|access-date=9 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Establishment Division|2013}}}} *<!--Establishment Division-->{{citation|title=Civil Service of Pakistan (Composition and Cadre) Rules, 1954|year=2021|url=https://establishment.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/CIVIL%20SERVICE%20OF%20PAKISTAN%20(COMPOSITION%20AND%20CADRE)%20RULES%2C%201954(updated).pdf|work=[[Establishment Division]]|access-date=9 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Establishment Division|2021}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Faruqui|first1=Ahmad|author-link1=Ahmad Faruqui|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCCeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|title=Rethinking the National Security of Pakistan: The Price of Strategic Myopia|pages=|date=14 June 2019|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-351-76157-4|access-date=27 March 2025}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Fischer-Tahir|editor-first1=Andrea|editor-last2=Naumann|editor-first2=Matthias|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQZHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|title=Peripheralization: The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social Injustice|date=12 January 2013|publisher=[[Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden]]|pages=79|isbn=978-3-531-19018-1|access-date=26 July 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Ganguly|first1=A. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXLOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|title=Kashmir: An Affair of Continued Existence|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-88161-42-8|access-date=31 August 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Scott|last2=Roy|first2=Kaushik|author-link1=Scott Gates (academic)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sSXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|date=17 February 2016|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=89|isbn=978-1-317-00541-4|access-date=8 November 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Halladay|editor-first1=Carolyn|editor-last2=Matei|editor-first2=Florina Cristiana|editor-last3=Bruneau|editor-first3=Thomas C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InYIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|title=The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations|date=November 2021|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=53|isbn=978-1-000-47155-7|access-date=24 August 2024}} * {{cite journal|last1=Hamid|first1=Mairaj ul|last2=Aquil|first2=Saira|last3=Mubarakzeb|last4=Khan|first4=Salman|last5=Zaman|first5=Faisal|last6=Hamza|url=https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/download/16489/10483|title=Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Abridgement Of Internal And External Determinants|journal=Journal of Positive School Psychology|volume=7|number=4|pages=1089–1098|issn=2717-7564|year=2023|access-date=29 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Hamid et al.|2023}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|author-link1=Husain Haqqani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-87003-285-1|access-date=18 July 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|author-link1=Husain Haqqani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding|pages=20–22|date=5 November 2013|publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|isbn=978-1-61039-317-1|access-date=20 August 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=He|first1=Baogang|last2=Breen|first2=Michael G.|last3=Allison-Reumann|first3=Laura|author-link2=Michael Breen (author)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxO8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5|title=Comparative Federalism in Asia: Democracy, Ethnicity and Religion|date=23 June 2023|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-90105-4|access-date=4 July 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Hoekman|first1=Bernard M.|last2=Kostecki|first2=M. 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Leadership|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020624231948/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html|archive-date=24 June 2002|access-date=27 December 2011}} * {{cite book|last1=Sprague|first1=Stanley B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzUGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|title=Pakistan Since Independence: A History, 1947 to Today|pages=29|date=12 November 2020|publisher=[[McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-4766-8151-1|access-date=19 May 2025}} * {{cite web|last1=Stewart|first1=Richard W.|title=The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994|url=https://www.history.army.mil/brochures/somalia/somalia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152654/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2007|publisher=[[U.S. Army Center of Military History]]|page=19|date=2002|id=CMH Pub 70-81-1|access-date=29 December 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Stewart-Ingersoll|first1=Robert|last2=Frazier|first2=Derrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OW6OoFvV42AC&pg=PA217|title=Regional Powers and Security Orders: A Theoretical Framework|date=23 May 2012|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=217|isbn=978-1-136-64497-9|access-date=30 July 2024}} * {{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Lester B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXLOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT140|title=War and the Market Economy|date=February 2017|publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-86834-41-6|access-date=31 August 2024}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Syed|editor-first1=Jawad|editor-last2=Pio|editor-first2=Edwina|editor-last3=Kamran|editor-first3=Tahir|editor-last4=Zaidi|editor-first4=Abbas|editor-link2=Edwina Pio|editor-link3=Tahir Kamran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-349-94966-3|access-date=21 July 2024}} * {{cite 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Sokolski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMtky-3hX6EC&pg=PA145|title=Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach?|year=2013|publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]] and [[United States Army War College|U. S. 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{{cite book|last1=Wasti|first1=Tahir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8qwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|title=The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan: Sharia in Practice|date=28 February 2009|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|page=248|isbn=978-90-474-2572-4|access-date=25 July 2024}} * {{citation|last1=Wezeman|first1=Pieter D.|last2=Djokic|first2=Katarina|last3=George|first3=Mathew|last4=Hussain|first4=Zain|last5=Wezeman|first5=Siemon T.|title=Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023|date=March 2024|url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf|work=[[SIPRI]]|access-date=8 November 2024|ref={{harvid|Wezeman et al.|2024}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Wiebes|first1=Cees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TINpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA195|title=Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history|publisher=[[LIT Verlag]]|year=2003|isbn=978-3-8258-6347-0|page=195}} * {{cite 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